endobj You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. (Goleman, 1991) (Boulding, 1969). Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". >> Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. in order to reduce dissonance. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). This has many practical implications. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." 0000013918 00000 n Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. 1 The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. These are: 1. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Social Researcher. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Like Explorable? There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. (Boulding, 1969) JANIS, I.L. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. 3. Festinger, L. (1957). The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. Some have already been discussed. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. /Parent 45 0 R What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? One other point before we proceed to examine the data. Hum. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. /T 679093 This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. 47 0 obj Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. /Contents 58 0 R The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. 1. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. anything important? two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. There is another possible way, however. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 70 Years | Psychology Today You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. 80 0 obj <> endobj moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. /Resources 50 0 R A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. 49 0 obj A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. The results were surprising to Festinger. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Nicole will probably experience. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. 4. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. You have created 2 folders. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. soc. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . 48 0 obj Oct. 2011. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." I'm sure you'll enjoy it." The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Therefore the person's attitude changes. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. /Linearized 1.0 A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] << Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger & Carlsmith's Study - Explorable %%EOF [/PDF Leon Festinger and his colleague James 4. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Psy 301: Social Psychology Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. New York: Harper & Row. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU /O 49 He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. Rating scale 0 to 10. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings.
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