Now, the student must visualize how he or she will handle the unexpected change, During this visualization, the flight instructor can ask questions to check the students thought processes. All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. admits to conversation not pertinent to flying duties: Five reports detailed extraneous The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. Is there some stress in another aspect of the students life that may be causing a distraction? This commentary describes how a team of nurses applied the sterile cockpit concept in their unit to decrease interruptions during medication administration. For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. Risk management is a decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action associated with each flight. Aim: To implement the sterile cockpit principle to decrease interruptions and distractions during high volume medication administration and reduce the number of medication errors. After studying the chart, she concludes there is an airport which has fueling services within a reasonable distance along her route. Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. It is very important for the flight instructor to debrief a student immediately after a solo flight. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. It is important the flight instructor not only teach the concept of a sterile cockpit, but also model such behavior during flight instruction, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) statistics reveal that most stall/spin accidents occurred when the pilots attention was diverted from the primary task of flying the aircraft. From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. The most effective cure is prevention. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations The safety record of pilots who hold instrument ratings is significantly better than that of pilots with comparable flight time who have never received formal flight training for an instrument rating. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. A sterile cockpit has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the physical environment. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? Although doing so may be difficult at first, successive accomplishment of recognizable goals and the avoidance of alarming occurrences or situations will rapidly ease the students mind. Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. In this case, the pilot landed his aircraft without loss of life, Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. Pilots in training who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. A successful CFI points out the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the antidote for that attitude. The FAA has established a policy for use of certain distractions on practical tests for pilot certification. Significant emotional upsets may be due to personal problems, psychiatric disturbances, or a dislike of the training program or the instructor, The experiences of students outside their training activities affect behavior and performance in training; the two cannot be separated. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. We carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been previously coded Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. Activities such as eating meals, engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. to flying the aircraft. Fortunately I've received some help this month. because our cruise altitude was 8000 feet, and we were accustomed to conversation To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. The main responsibility of the Instructor is" "instructor typically teaches subjects that Scouts are eager to learnespecially those such as first aid, camping, and backpackingthat are required for outdoor . indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb the number of these At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. in a way, the entire 9 hours in a very busy ED is like flying under 10,000 feet. The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. Then, the instructor demonstrates the maneuver, allows the student to practice the maneuver under direction, and finally evaluates student accomplishment by observing the performance, Assessment of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the students experience and stage of development as a pilot. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. (a) No certificate holder shall Judging from these runway! At the time of the crash, This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken.
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