Metabolites were extracted from the frozen tissue powder by 1 ml methanol containing 20 M each of L-Methionine sulfone (WAKO: 502-76641), 2-Morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, monohydrate (DOJINDO 349-01623), and sodium d-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (WAKO: 037-01032). Accordingly, of the 10,615 detected metabolite peaks, 92% showed significant concentration differences among tissues (permutation p<0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)<1%), using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The motion of the neck is described in terms of rotation, flexion, extension, and side bending (i.e., the motion used to touch the ear to the shoulder). As a cutoff for a minimal level of expression of the analyzed genes, we selected the 5% quintile of all gene nonzero expression levels in all samples. He once drew a 19-feet long drawing of New York City after a single 20-minute helicopter ride. In analyses of species-specific metabolic changes unique to the five individual tissues used in this study, we excluded metabolite peaks with concentration levels specific to a given species and showing the same direction (increase or decrease) of change in multiple tissues within three tissue groups: (i) PFC and V1; (ii) cortex and CBC; (ii) brain, kidney, and muscle. This talk was presented to a local . The lineages are abbreviated as: the human evolutionary lineage (human), the chimpanzee evolutionary lineage (chimp. Is it possible to live independently with dystonia? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871, Academic Editor: David Penny, Massey University, New Zealand, Received: November 4, 2013; Accepted: April 17, 2014; Published: May 27, 2014. We're committed to providing the best documentaries from around the World. First, we learned about how muscles work. Activities Arena. signs of insecure coworkers grafana dashboard json environment variables. More specifically, he explores the area of psychopharmacology, ), and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques with mice (mouse). Pathways not containing enzymes with matching expression profile are indicated by lighter shades of red and blue. analysis of variance; AU, After second-strand synthesis, the ends of the double-stranded complementary DNA were repaired. Bowtie2 reports up to two possible alignments for each read. Describe 2 methods/techniques in which dystonia is treated. false discovery rate; GC-MS, For each gene we calculated the mean difference of its expression level between every pair of tissues and between every pair of species in each tissue. Ligated products were then PCR-amplified (15 cycles). Eventually, Fred was found guilty but . (a) The total number of metabolite peaks measured in our datasets. The plot is organized as in Figure S10, the metabolite groups are listed in Table S15. To assess the environmental effects on the measured metabolites, we collected samples of two additional groups of macaques fed a calorie-rich diet and exposed to limited physical activity. Many additional factors including ones potentially favoring nonhuman primates, such as difference in muscle mass distribution between front and hind limbs [17],[18], as well as ones favoring humans, such as motivation to perform, could not be accounted for in our experiment. How will this affect the patient's iron status? Similarly, emergence of endurance running in hominid ancestry [6] may have added another constraint to human metabolic evolution. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, as well as the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray). The Slatest The New York Times Unites vs. Twitter In a transcript of the newspaper's crisis town-hall meeting, executive editor Dean Baquet grapples with a restive staff and outside scrutiny. Isoform identification and titin alternative splicing events in human skeletal muscle. In muscle, functional units partially overlapped and reflected human-specific changes in: (i) carbohydrate metabolism (propanoate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycolysis/glucogenesis); (ii) energy production (oxidative phosphorylation); and (iii) amino acid metabolism (histidine, -alanine metabolism) (Figure 4a, Table S15, Figure S11). These characteristics may be involved in causing muscle weakness. peaks present in 80% of pooled samples with an intensity of 1,000 arbitrary units (AU). Yes LC-MS peaks were aligned across samples according to Giavalisco et al. The second person is Ami Ankileweitz. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s002. Sponsored By. episodes: 01. Extract derivatization and GC-MS measurements were performed according to Lisec et al. How can the various forms of dystonia occur? He is able to draw entire cities from memory after seeing them only once. Metabolite concentrations reflect the physiological states of tissues and cells. What benefit does Jason get from lifting weights at the gym. here. To examine the metabolic differences among tissues further, we sorted 9,603 metabolite peaks that showed significant concentration differences among the tissues into 13 metabolite clusters using nonsupervised hierarchical clustering (Figure 2a, Figure S4). S1 E10: National Geographic investigates the science of muscle by taking a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling muscular disorders. To address this, we performed metabolome measurements in 12 additional macaque monkeys (male, 214 years old) that were subjected to conditions designed to reproduce some aspects of the modern human lifestyle. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s008. The metabolic changes that were induced by environmental effects showed significant enrichment in 19 KEGG pathways (permutation p<0.01, Table S19) containing a total number of human-specific metabolic change (68 peaks) significantly higher than expected in randomly sampled pathways (permutation p<0.05). Muscles: National Geographic investigates the science of muscle by taking a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling muscular disorders. In fact, human-specific metabolic divergence in the sampled thigh skeletal muscle (mainly vastus lateralis) and PFC exceeded average metabolic divergence seen in the mouse tissues. Grouping of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in PFC. Next, we tested the overrepresentation of enzymes with expression profiles matching concentration profiles of metabolites among: (i) enzymes annotated in pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in a tissue, as well as pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites from tissue-specific metabolite clusters; (ii) enzymes directly linked to metabolites based on KEGG annotation in the tissue-specific clusters or the species-specific metabolites. Get ready for liftoff: Today's special edition of CNN 10 is taking you up, up and away as we focus on space. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Affiliation Why do mosquitoes bite some people and not others? The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. PCA plots based on normalized expression levels of 14,875 transcripts (left) and 3,537 metabolic enzymes (right) measured using RNA-seq. Featuring interviews with world-renowned scientists, each hour unfolds with a CSI-like forensic investigation into the life and death of a specific hominid ancestor. 2022.7.1; daily courier grants pass classifieds rentals; Tweet; Share +1; Slate podcast transcripts are created by Snackable using machine-learning software and have not been reviewed prior to publication. The erector spinae muscles, for example, extend the back (bend it backward) and side bend the back. Clustering of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in kidney. And with that, allow me to . Required fields not completed correctly. The normalization was performed on groups of samples belonging to the same tissue, an approach that was selected out of several other methods [25] according to normalization-quality measures of peak variation within samples of the same tissue and species. Metabolite peaks significant in the primate ANOVA test were tested for peak specificity to any primate species; peaks significant in the ANOVA test performed on all species samples were tested for mouse-specific concentration levels. garbage disposals is something normal. The GC dataset was filtered according to following criteria: Before applying criteria 4, nine outlier samples identified based on PCA analysis were removed from the dataset. a branch of psychology concerned with Back in 2011, we got one of the best food documentaries. Whether it's telepathy, flight, psychokinesis, shapeshifting, superhuman strength, or some other super-cool power, at one point, we all wished we had some extraordinary power that would make us special from other people. For instance, evolution of a large brain in humans, which consumes 20% of the total body energy at rest, has been suggested to involve changes in energy distribution among tissues, as well as adaptation to a nutrition-rich diet [4],[5]. All subjects suffered sudden death with no prolonged agonal state. For each module, metabolites, pathways and enzymes are listed. As humans age, their muscles become weaker, making it increasingly harder for them to move, a condition known as sarcopenia. Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America, Affiliation In 2012, Lauren Kornacki, a 22-year-old woman in Glen Allen, Virginia, raised a BMW 525i off her father when the car toppled from a jack. Shown are: overlap with metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles and presence of enzymes showing human-specific expression profiles, as well as statistical significance of these observations determined by comparison to metabolites sets randomly sampled 100 times. Up to three of the best results per individual are shown. For a period of 4 weeks, monkeys from the control group continued with their routine lifestyle while monkeys from the other two groups were kept in special conditions. Plasticity refers to the brain's malleability or ability to change . Our data set, MuscleDB, reveals extensive transcriptional diversity, with greater than 50% of transcripts differentially expressed among skeletal muscle tissues. 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By contrast, in the brain, PFC, and skeletal muscle, human-specific metabolic divergence exceeded chimpanzee-specific divergence by 4.0-, 4.2-, and 8.4-fold respectively. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The significant overlap between environmentally induced and human-specific metabolic changes indicates that, despite the limited scope and duration of the environmental change, it nevertheless did capture some of metabolic effects of the modern human lifestyle. The cage size was close to 1 m3 and largely limited their space for movement. The proportion of enzymes with the corresponding expression profile linked to the tested metabolite grouppathway (i) or cluster (ii)was compared with the proportion obtained in the sampling test. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Sep 29, 2019 - What an evening ladies and gentlemen, ladles and jelly spoons, the same. The greater strength of chimpanzees, relative to humans, may have been explained by American scientists. Macaques were borrowed from breeding facilities at Suzhou Experimental Animal Center, China, where the tests were performed, and returned to the breeding facility after the tests. After 3-end adenylation of these products, Illumina Single-End Sequencing adapters were ligated to the blunt ends of the cDNA fragments. The average concentration profile of all peaks within a cluster is traced with colored lines. Extraordinary Humans Documentaries medicine disease health medicine Favorite trailer magnet YEAR: 2010 | LENGTH: 4 parts ( 46 minutes each ) | SOURCE: NATGEO description: National Geographic explores the science behind bones, blood, muscles, and skin. TO get a muscle to work a nerve impulse is sent from the brain to the muscle that you want it to move. We performed hierarchical clustering with complete linkage of metabolite peaks. Profiling a 31-year-old with dystonia, a rare movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles. Based on the gene expression measurements of the 120 tissue samples we searched for genes showing expression profiles specific to a particular tissue and specific to a particular species in a given tissue. Ms. GWEN . People with genetic bone disorders are profiled, including a 9-year-old with brittle bone disease, and a 28-year-old with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), which turns muscles into bone. Each diamond represents a sample colored according to tissue identity as indicated in the legend. How does Jason describe living with the disease he has? Across these datasets, we quantified a total of 10,615 peaks (mass spectrometry features), which were detected in at least one tissue of one species (Figure 1a). $12.49 $ 12. Shown are the ratios of metabolite peaks showing human-specific concentration changes to peaks showing species-specific changes on the other evolutionary lineages at different significance cutoffs. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s012. It has been six years since, and we still havent addressed the main issue of And the action of the muscles and the folds around that, when air goes through the larynx, we make things like the voice, like the words that I'm saying now. Abbreviations: Small molecules present in the tissue samples were assayed using the following methodologies: (i) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), (ii) positive mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ([+]LC-MS), and (iii) negative mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ([]LC-MS). For peaks showing a significant proportion of variation explained by species and speciestissue terms in ANOVA, we performed an additional t-test to identify the species in which the metabolite peak concentration levels were significantly different from the other species. 14-year old Hunter Steinitz suffers from Harlequin Ichthyosis, a rare condition . capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry; FDR, Column outliers shows datasets where measurements in a given sample have failed as revealed by the PCA. RNA-sequencing; RT, Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Which statement is true regarding neurons? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s023. These peaks were identified in comparison between macaque samples collected with (n=2) and without (n=17) postmortem delay (q<0.01 in at least one tissue, Figure S1). Your email address will not be published. What is dystonia, what are the different causes if dystonia, and how does it affect the muscular system including the major muscles type that is affected. The skeletal muscle has an extraordinary potential to regen-erate itself after muscle . Proportions of metabolite peaks showing species-specific concentration changes among the primates in different tissues. Asterisks indicate the significance of muscle strength difference between humans and the other two species (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001). Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers. Human Metabolome Database; IS, And can they find a way to lower the symptoms? In the t-test used to identify species-specific peak concentration levels in these tissues, all samples of the composite tissues were used. To inspect metabolic divergence among species, we sorted 9,356 metabolite peaks that showed significant concentration differences among the four species (ANOVA, species or tissuespecies terms, permutation p<0.01, FDR<2%) into species-specific categories within each of the five tissues, as well as within composite tissue categories: cerebral cortex (PFC+V1) and brain (PFC+V1+CBC). the documentary. Muscle strength measurements in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. According to the legend, the conflict broke out in 1325 after a group of Modenese soldiers dashed into the rival town of Bologna. We use cookies to enhance the usability of our website. Rotation is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which bends the neck to the ipsilateral side and rotates the neck contralaterally. dave and sugar the door is always open. Thus, knowledge of metabolite concentration changes specific to human tissues may be instrumental to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying evolution of the human phenotype. Current Anthropology. The second person is Ami Ankileweitz. Total RNA was extracted by a TRIzol (Invitrogen) procedure according to the manufacturer's instructions. Numbers of metabolite peaks differentiating the control macaque monkeys from humans (human), chimpanzees (chimp. NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. One of them is Jason Dunn, a 35 year old guy that lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder causing his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors. Briefly, polyadenylated RNA was isolated using a poly-dT bead procedure and then chemically fragmented and randomly primed for reverse transcription. Follow. PLOS Biology provides an Open Access platform to showcase your best research and commentary across all areas of biological science. Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America, Affiliation extraordinary humans muscles transcript. Yeah, people have them, but not everyone is able to pop em out like this guy. The colors represent 13 metabolite clusters colored according to the tissue-specificity of the cluster concentration profiles: shades of red indicating brain-specific clusters, shades of blue: muscle-specific, and shades of green: kidney-specific clusters. Elephants and whales . Subsequently, 500 l of the upper, organic phase, plus 650 l of the polar phase (150 l for GC-MS and 500 l for LC-MS) were collected to three 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Among these individuals, four were professional climbers and 12 were engaged in regular physical activities. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s005. Rare Anatomy: Bones & Blood (DVD) . 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disease that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Our results indicate that the reallocation of energy to energetically costly human brains may have required further decrease in energy expense in the skeletal muscle, at least during peak performance. Notably, this observation contrasts with evolutionary divergence at the transcriptome level where overall transcriptome divergence largely follows genetic distances in all tissues (Figure S14). Physical exercise is deemed the most efficient way of counteracting the age-related decline of skeletal muscle. At the individual pathway level, 44 pathways contained significant excess of enzymes with matching species-specific expression profiles either directly or indirectly linked to the corresponding species-specific metabolites (permutation p<0.01, Table S11) while only seven pathways would be expected by chance (permutation p<0.01). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Fibers of different types were counted in cross-sections of frozen tissue samples from nine adult chimpanzee individuals. 1 Apr. Watch Human Body Collection - Extraordinary Humans: Muscles (s1 e7) Online - Watch online anytime: Buy, Rent. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s018. Curating wonderful science materials for humans. Total food intake in seniors is affected by meal size, number of meals/day and _______________.___________% of seniors do not eat breakfast. Then, 0.5 ml of lysate was transferred to an Eppendorf tube containing 500 l chloroform and 200 l water. Muscles are divided into three types: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal Smooth muscles are the involuntary muscles in your gut, blood vessels, and elsewhere that work without you consciously. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; []LC-MS, The coloring of the profiles corresponds to the coloring in Figure 2a. Specifically, the test macaques were placed indoors in solitary standard size cages with no dietary change (stress and exercise factors: condition 1, n=6) or with an additional dietary change to a cooked diet with high sugar and fat content (stress, exercise, and diet factors: condition 2, n=6) for a 1-month period (Table S2). Discover the location and role of skeletal muscles in the human body. Thirty-six of them were tested using the Suzhou apparatus and eight using the Leipzig apparatus. Genes showing differences in expression level in a particular tissue compared with all other tissues, or species compared with all other species in the same tissue, within the upper or lower 5% quintile (10% quintile in the tissue comparison) of the difference distribution were classified as tissue-specific or species-specific in a given tissue respectively. (b) Relationship between species-specific metabolite concentration divergence in each tissue and the corresponding phylogenetic distances in million years (MY). negative mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; [+]LC-MS, The obtained m/z values were then searched against the HMDB database [29] for annotation of the [+]LC-MS and []LC-MS datasets. The quadratus lumborum muscle in the lower back side bends the lumbar spine and aids in the inspiration of air through its stabilizing affects at its insertion at the 12th rib (the last of the floating ribs). Fisher and Son Inc.), and one-quarter piece of fresh fruit for the morning meal. Columns represent metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in PFC; rows represent KEGG pathways enriched in the respective metabolites. We used the resulting annotation to assign the metabolites to specific KEGG [34] pathways and inspected metabolic pathways overrepresented in the two types of metabolite groups found in our analysis: clusters of all peaks and peaks showing species-specific concentration levels in different tissues. RT of a peak in all samples within the range of 2 min around the median RT of this peak. extraordinary humans muscles transcriptwhat happened to mekhi brown. Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Affiliation 1. Episode 3 Muscles Fri, Jun 11, 2010 60 mins Profiling a 31-year-old with dystonia, a rare movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles. While differences in muscle energy consumption between humans and other primates are currently unknown, we speculate that metabolic coevolution of muscle and brain may require either an overall decrease in muscle energy consumption or, alternatively, a shift to alternative energy sources, such as lipids, thus realizing more glucose for an energy-demanding human brain. Columns represent metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles in these tissues. (a) Proportions of metabolite concentration changes on the four species evolutionary lineages. Whereas normally to flex or extend there is one muscle that contracts and one that relaxes, of the nervous system are responsible for the misinformation that is delivered. Accelerated evolution of the human brain and muscle metabolomes . A pig BodyMap transcriptome reveals diverse tissue physiologies and evolutionary dynamics of transcription Long Jin, Qianzi Tang, Silu Hu, Zhongxu Chen, Xuming Zhou, Bo Zeng, Yuhao Wang, Mengnan.
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