At present, one could easily select in this country a hundred areas of five square miles each whose simultaneous destruction would be a staggering blow to the nation. It hardly needs stressing that we as scientists believe that any systems of control envisaged should leave as much freedom for the peacetime development of nucleonics as is consistent with the safety of the world. Underline each predicate nominative in the following sentences. It has been suggested that a compulsory denaturation of pure fissionable isotopes may be agreed uponby diluting them, after production, with suitable isotopes to make them useless for military purposes, while retaining their usefulness for power engines. Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. 13. If indeterminism is true, then nothing prior to the choice could indicate which way he will go. Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? From this point of view, a demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all the United Nations, on the desert or a barren island. (1959) from Harvard University, and in 1995 was awarded an LL.d. Where S engages in action E, if (a) and (b) are satisfied then S is morally responsible for E. Stating this does not negate the possibility that S could still be held morally responsible for E, however, even where (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied, should another sufficient condition (as yet unspecified) be met. As a sufficient condition for moral responsibility, the principle of alternate possibilities reads as follows: A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. This protection can come only from the political organization of the world. Here, Frankfurt presents the act of being able to do otherwise as a necessary condition for the ascription of moral responsibility. Pereboom, D. (2000). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Connect to ambivalence. The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan's ally. . answer choices. Zagzebski, L. (2000). Why is the prisoner example ultimately not convincing? Blumenfeld, D. (1971). After a lengthy search, the starving castaways were thrilled to discover that the tiny island offered a plethora of .. Frankfurt/Watson need a principled distinction here. We feel compelled to take a more active stand now because the success which we have achieved in the development of nuclear power is fraught with infinitely greater dangers than were all the inventions of the past. Despite the intricacies of some of these continuing debates, focus remains on PAP as a necessary condition for moral responsibility. If the government should decide in favor of an early demonstration of nuclear weapons, it will then have the possibility of taking into account the public opinion of this country and of the other nations before deciding whether these weapons should be used against Japan. By way of a response, consider the following: Where Ss action E in world W1 (a world without alternate possibilities, owing to the possibility of intervention) and Ss action E in twin world W2 (which differs from W1 only insofar as it is a world with alternate possibilities) are congruent then S in either world is morally responsible for E. To illustrate how one might apply the twin world condition, consider scenarios (1) and (2): W1 (No alternate possibilities): S does E (an immoral act), W2 (alternate possibilities are available): S does E (an immoral act), W1 (No alternate possibilities): S does E (a moral act), W2 (alternate possibilities are available): S does E (a moral act). The Convention held no fewer than 60 votes before the delegates agreed upon the Electoral College as the method of selecting the president. rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? I argue that PAP does not need to be endorsed as a necessary condition for moral responsibility and, in fact, presenting PAP as a sufficient condition maintains its usefulness as a maxim for moral accountability whilst avoiding Frankfurt-style counter-examples. Question 16 options: Slider with three articles shown per slide. Where this is not the cases, as expressed within (3) then we must conclude that intervention has occurred in W1, thereby explaining the incongruence across worlds. England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. Germany, he argued, bore the main share of responsibility for the outbreak of the war. Analysis, 61(4), 335340. In the scenario above, involving Jones and the counterfactual intervener, Black or even in similar Frankfurt-style scenarios arguably clauses (a) and (b) are violated. However, we found ourselves, by the force of events, during the last five years, in the position of a small group of citizens cognizant of a grave danger for the safety of this country as well as for the future of all the other nations, of which the rest of mankind is unaware. No paper agreement can be sufficient since neither this or any other nation can stake its whole existence on trust in other nations' signatures. ProStarSolar > Blog Classic > Uncategorized > contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. But if you look at their visions more as a commentary on society and an exploration of concepts rather than a literal plan to destroy and rebuild cities (though they certainly may have intended the latter), it becomes clear that both architects recognized the same problems inherent in their cities. Pereboom on the Frankfurt cases. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument for an international agreement would likely argue that nuclear weapons pose a global threat that cannot be addressed by individual states alone. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT In our constitutional democracy, all persons who reside within the United Statesincluding Willing addict is responsible for action but his will is not free. s the chief of staff. Thus, Jones cannot satisfy (a). Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Do you agree that under certain circumstances, R2P should override sovereignty? editors. The metaphysics of free will. If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first demonstration, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. b) For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. The power lines damagedbythestorm\underline{\text{damaged by the storm}}damagedbythestorm needed repairs. The aims of this paper is to argue that, as a maxim for moral responsibility, endorsing PAP as a sufficient condition is as effective as presenting it as a necessary condition. Instead it has harnessed us to itself and plunged us into slavery, he wrote. Journal of Philosophy, 68(11), 339345. In both (1) and (2), S is morally responsible for E in W2 because, within each scenario, S satisfies PAP(s) in W2; and, as we have seen, PAP(s) provides sufficient justification for the ascription of moral responsibility. (2010). the informal advisers who work with the president to guide and shape their agenda, such a Shabo, S. (2011). Ultimately, they would argue that only through collective action and cooperation can we ensure global peace and security in the nuclear age. Our cities today are certainly still not perfect, and likely both architects would have been disappointedbut the pair nevertheless set a foundation for discourse (and public debate) that continues to influence city planning and architecture today. The necessity of some role for alternate possibilities does not, however, in and of itself, make necessary the clause that S (or whoever) could have done otherwise. "For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent.". In: J. E. Tomberlin (Ed. In the twin world condition, S is ascribed moral responsibility because alternate possibilities, should they have been available, would not have changed Ss decision making. It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power. Riding somewhat roughshod over this debate and allowing that the sign does not indicate an alternate possibility (and therefore a flicker of freedom) because we do not need it too the twin world condition requires a comparison between S (or Jones or whoever) in W1 (where we allow no alternate possibility to exist) with S in W2 (where alternate possibilities incontrovertibly exist). The legitimacy of Frankfurts challenge to PAP as necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility has been debated extensively over the years. No two are alike, not even a tiny bit. Just because a potential enemy will be afraid of being "outnumbered and outgunned," the temptation for him may be overwhelming to attempt a sudden unprovoked blow -- particularly if he should suspect us of harboring aggressive intentions against his security or his sphere of influence. Where neither is satisfied then S is not morally responsible for performing E. Frankfurt-style scenarios illustrate the condition under which PAP(s) is not satisfied. In 2005, world leaders formally adopted the Responsibility to Protect [R2P]the duty to intervene in when national governments fail to fulfill their r Voltaire supposedly kept up his prodigious output by spending up to 18 hours a day writing or dictating to secretaries, often while still in bed. Moreover, with the addition of the twin word condition, which I have argued is likewise sufficient for an ascription of moral responsibility, we are able to account for why Jones should be held morally accountable. Philosophia To illustrate: In twin world scenarios, all must be equal apart from the one thing that distinguishes each world from the other which, in this case, is the presence or absence of alternate possibilities. The answer to the first suggestion is that although we undoubtedly are at present ahead of the rest of the world in this field, the fundamental facts of nuclear power are a subject of common knowledge. Whatever E happens to be, it is congruent across the different worlds within each respective scenario: E is congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 1 and congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 2. What is Frankfurt's view on this? Wrights ideas, instead, focus on decentralization, writing that we have plenty of space and that skyscrapers are unnecessary except to the landlords who charge rent. If no choice of targets, with a total area of five hundred square miles of American territory, contains a large enough fraction of the nation's industry and population to make their destruction a crippling blow to the nation's war potential and its ability to defend itself, then the attack will not pay, and may not be undertaken. The amounts of ore taken out of the ground at different locations could be controlled by resident agents of the international Control Board, and each nation could be allotted only an amount which would make large-scale separation of fissionable isotopes impossible. 20) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? The best possible atmosphere for the achievement of an international agreement could be achieved if America could say to the world, "You see what sort of a weapon we had but did not use. Current technology, in fact, seems to be moving away from the standardization Le Corbusier hoped for and closer to the personalization and customization championed by Wright in his article. The twin world condition is likewise not necessary because one may not be required to compare Ss action in W1 with W2, owing to the fact that S is not performing E in a world without alternate possibilities (e.g., W2); in which case, PAP(s) applies. It is true that some irrational element in mass psychology makes gas poison more revolting than blasting by explosives, even though gas warfare is in no way more "inhuman" than the war of bombs and bullets. (If FW requires whole-heartedness, what does this imply about decisions based on ambivalence? In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nucleartechnology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy."James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United Statesgovernment, 194518) Which of the following developments during the Second World War We now consider the question of how an effective international control of nuclear armaments can be achieved. They would point out that the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war would affect not only the warring nations but also the entire world. Reasons reactivity and incompatibilist intuitions. In 1932, both described these ideas in The New York Times; in these two articles Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier made their differing beliefs perfectly clear to the public. Third parties often bring attention to topics that are unpopular or unknown. In stating that S could have done otherwise, I am endorsing the view (much as I take Frankfurt to have done when formulating PAP) that: It is possible for S to do otherwise insofar as S is both physically and mentally capable of doing otherwise (including being aware of alternate possibilities that he/she (hereafter he) is able to select/perform). We felt, however, that the dilemma had to be stated, to show what kind of alternative method of protection will have to be considered if no successful international agreement is reached. A nation able to assign 10 tons of atomic explosives for a sneak attack on this country, can then hope to achieve the destruction of all industry and most of the population in an area from 500 square miles upwards. b) Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. 231248). Which of these characteristics of world war I is illustrated by this central message? A Princeton University senior sounded off on "The Ingraham Angle" in response to his op-ed in . Although important tactical results undoubtedly can be achieved by a sudden introduction of nuclear weapons, we nevertheless think that the question of the use of the very first available atomic bombs in the Japanese war should be weighed very carefully, not only by military authorities, but by the highest political leadership of this country. We cannot simply say that S is morally responsible because he decided to do E and then did E (hereafter, doing E includes deciding to do E). If he refuses then both will be killed. Philosophical Explorations, 12(2), 109118. Nevertheless, it is not at all certain that American public opinion, if it could be enlightened as to the effect of atomic explosives, would approve of our own country being the first to introduce such an indiscriminate method of wholesale destruction of civilian life. It requires study by statesmen and international lawyers, and we can offer only some preliminary suggestions for such a study. In the context of Frankfurts scenario, which I am equating to W1, it is made clear that Jones did what he did irrespective of Blacks wishes, and therefore without the need for Blacks intervention. Part of Springer Nature. (I focused on the second version). Agency without avoidability: defusing a new threat to Frankfurts counterexample strategy. Where S is coerced into doing E, for example, we would not want to say that S is morally responsible, especially where the coercion is such that it eliminates all morally acceptable alternatives. The first and perhaps the simplest way is to ration the raw materialsprimarily, the uranium ores. In this we also provide trending questions which come out of recent recent exams. - 103.138.151.18. Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. One possible way to introduce nuclear weapons to the world -- which may particularly appeal to those who consider nuclear bombs primarily as a secret weapon developed to help with the present war -- is to use them without warning on appropriately selected objects in Japan. Rjwala is an educational platform, in which you get many information related to homework and studies. Opponents contend, among other arguments, that the bombings were unnecessary to win the war or that they constituted a war crime or genocide. Schnall, I. M. (2001). Again, S fails to satisfy PAP(s) and the twin world condition, and so is not morally responsible for E, even though E is a good thing to have done in this case. Erkenntnis, 78, 10371049. Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps-, Nationalistic movements influenced the borders in Europe at the end of World War I, The Balkans were referred to as the' "Powder keg of Europe" in the period before WWI because of their-, Blamed jews for Germany's loss of World War I, The Nuremberg Laws were written in order to, What is an immediate result of these laws enacted by the Nazi Party--, German Jews were stripped of personal liberties and property rights, Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most, Which of the following events was a result of the policy illustrated in the chart-, Which claim can best be supported by this passage-, New technology made warfare more destructive, Which of the following is a result of the historical trend present in the passage-, What implications is the author trying to make in the excerpt-, the Japanese militaristic culture fostered a dehumanization Chinese civilians lives, Which best helps explain the passage in its broader historical context-, The consequences of total war tactics on civilian populations, The example of mass atrocity and genocide introduced in the passage is most similar to which of the following examples, The allied forces firebombing of German cities like Hamburg or Dresden killing thousands, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook.