9. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal 29. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). The comparison is enlightening. - I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. 286,541. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. Shattuc, W. B. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. 38. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. 20. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. 21. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including
United States--History, - Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. But California was the extreme. <>>>
24. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited;
Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. stream
33. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000
The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. (Santo Domingo, 1998). Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern
You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 529,189. The question of territory was there from the start. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 1857. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. Today, we are in a similar position. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. Arguments for U.S. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. 2007-228. Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany;
46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. . The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. 1848. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. The revolt touched eight cities. It is one of the longest serving continuously operating offices in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and has been recognized for the excellence of its publications and programs for over a half century. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Bicknell, Edward. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Relief shown by hachures. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. If you have any questions please let me know.! 15. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. 6. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. 18. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. <>
It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. The Greater United States (1904), . The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. 5 (2011): 134891. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently
This was not a freak event. The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . 10. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. Pdf. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986
32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of
United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. 37. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856;
Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. Texas. (Oxford, 1989). See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. 30. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an
On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? 22. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Leadership Task 2 1. 27. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). W.B. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. 5. 2. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a
Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. United States--Colonial question, - Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. United States--Foreign relations, - Hi Mexican Cession. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. 28. ",#(7),01444'9=82. They had even more people in the past. 1846. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". Copyright: H.C. Robertson. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. Hello, For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). As it gained power, it shed territory. Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. Also available in digital form. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. endstream
Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a
36. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. endobj
. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. 1848. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the
The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain
And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). But those familiar borders only held for four years. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia
If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. 46. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102.
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