NOT NULL means it has to be blank. If you compare a NULL value with another NULL value or any other value, the result is NULL because the value of each NULL value is unknown. Okay, I guess you're right too. table_column_name(exp) :- It’s the table column name that you check the value if it is not NULL. It is the value to assign to the column if left blank or NULL. rev 2021.8.18.40012. Adding a column whose value is not null by default in MySQL? votes: 112. assign a value that evaluates to NULL. votes: 1437, joined:Nov 16, 2005 Posted by: Tom Byars. You said 'creation of a new rule'. Despite the common belief, NOT NULL doesn't require you to fill all fields; it just means whatever you omit will... In other words, doesn't DEFAULT render NOT NULL redundant ? The query is as follows −. Specify the NULL attribute. When you specify ON NULL, the NOT NULL constraint and NOT DEFERRABLE constraint state are implicitly specified. error is raised. You should let your schema design and application requirements guide this decision. The performance differences are probably not noticeable either... Not NULL制約を付与したカラムに対してDefault値がNULLになっているのは直感的にまずい気がするのですが、明示的にDefault値を指定しない場合はどのようにするのか？. I don't get why my course says explicitely what I wrote on my answer. A guide to SQL covers such topics as retrieving records, metadata queries, working with strings, data arithmetic, date manipulation, reporting and warehousing, and hierarchical queries. It's not a bad idea to have a consistent style, but in this particular case, I would personally prefer NOT NULL before DEFAULT. When NOT NULL constraint is applied to a column, it ensures that the column will not accept NULL values. As no value was provided in the INSERT statements, these can be considered an attempt to insert implicit NULLs into theses columns, which should normally cause the statements to fail. In this case, MySQL scans t1 and looks up the rows in t2 using the values of t1.id. Import mysql.connector package. For example, you can have multiple null values in a column with a unique index, and null behaves entirely differently from '' (or anything else) when sorting or comparing values. Found inside – Page 159... CREATE TABLE apressinewsitypes newsitypeiid INT(2) VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL default ", newsi type PRIMARY KEY ) TYPEIMyISAM; ( NOT NULL autoiincrement, ... Note: A NULL value is different from a zero value or a field that A field with a NULL value is a field with no value. If an ENUM column is set as NOT NULL, the default value will automatically be the first of the possible allowed values. Some databases like Oracle and PostgreSQL use a NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST specification to indicate the place of the NULL value. My points: 1) The whole report is based on a wrong assumption that "mysql.user table has NOT NULL DEFAULT NULL columns". Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! In other words, doesn't DEFAULT render NOT NULL redundant ? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Found inside – Page 326NOT NULL, NOT NULL, Create a table to store users and their information. ... NOT NULL, last_name varchar(50) NOT NULL, city varchar(50) default NULL, ... Thanks to Jim Boykin for taking care of our community for the last five years! NOT NULL is a column constraint and should be used when you have a column that's not in a primary key (primary keys are intrinsically not-null so i... If the column does accept null values, then there's nothing to stop you inserting a null value into the field. MySQL Constraints. Note that you MUST restate the full column definition, otherwise undeclared attributes will go back to default settings. Whenever we create a table containing columns that have not been assigned a default value or auto-increment attribute then the values that are inserted in that columns by default is NULL. There's a difference between (subjective) best practice and rules. Hey there, and thanks for participating. In MySQL, 0 or NULL means false and anything else means true. If you define an integer (or any other number type) field "not null", then MySQL would complain, if you leave it without any value. The IS NOT NULL operator is used to test for non-empty values (NOT NULL Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. I went to your link (to your blog post) expecting to see an explanation (possibly with some numbers) of the tremendous impact on query performance, but only saw it briefly restated that it has an impact. It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our. MySQL COALESCE function is used to handle the NULL values in the table columns. When creating a table or adding a column to a table, you need to specify the column value option... MySQL – NULL vs ” vs ‘NULL’. DuBois organizes his cookbook's recipes into sections on the problem, the solution stated simply, and the solution implemented in code and discussed. In this how-to tutorial, I am going to show you how to add a new JSON column with default value in an existing MySQL table using the ALTER TABLE statement. If you don't specify DEFAULT then the following rules apply:. If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, do not hesitate to send us an e-mail: SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address, W3Schools is optimized for learning and training. Will a PC turned into an undead once always need resurrection? Fortunately there are several ways to do this in MySQL. votes: 274, joined:Apr 19, 2002 Found inside – Page 504Submit an ALTER TABLE statement to add the NOT NULL data constraint to the ... DEFAULT NULL, `birthdate` date DEFAULT NULL, 504 BOOK 5 MySQL PRIMARY KEY ... during record creation! ALTER TABLE "user" ALTER COLUMN "status" ,ALTER COLUMN "status" SET NOT NULL,ALTER COLUMN "status" SET DEFAULT NULL; The issue is same in both the versions of Yii 2.0.6 and 2.0.9 The NOT NULL restriction won't let you update that row after it was created with null value. MySQL MySQLi Database. What is the difference in the NULL and NOT NULL types in mysql? This page requires javascript to function properly. Keeping Null Values. There are lots of ways to learn new things, or be reminded of old things. Thanks! I'll see if I can link something else instead, or remove the link. NULL means you do not have to provide a value for the field... Found inside – Page 165Recall that database servers such as MySQL allow you to create any number of ... plants` ( `plant_name` char(30) NOT NULL, `sensor_value` float DEFAULT NULL ... Thank you. Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. It also helps to limit the type of data that will be inserted inside the table. to help us ️ pay for the web hosting fee and CDN to keep the website running. That's great, other DBMS do have "not null default null" as well. What is the difference between NULL and NOT NULL? What exactly did Abraham mean by "righteous" when he bargained with God? The default truth value from a boolean operation is 1. 1. For example, not restating the DEFAULT clause will unset the default value. constraint state are implicitly specified. Found inside – Page 573Field Description Example value dinitionotuuauto increment key Username warchar(20) NOT NULL default", Username-uniquekey Stobbie Password Warchar(22) NOT ... In MySQL, 0 or NULL means false and anything else means true. The linked article got edited in the meantime. The following qualifiers specify that an empty field in the data file retains its null value during the bulk-import operation, rather than inheriting a default value (if any) for the table columns. It’s a feature, not a bug. MySQL performs the optimization for the IS NULL operator in the same way that it does for the equal ( =) operator. On an empty/zero date “… where mydate is null” will fail. This should be the acepted answer. If you're not sure, use NOT NULL. It is the value to assign to the column if left blank or NULL. Also note that NULL is not equal to anything else, even not to NULL itself. I ended up with text not null, instead of text not null default ''. If you specify the ON NULL clause, then Oracle Database assigns the DEFAULT column value when a subsequent INSERT statement attempts to assign a value that evaluates to NULL. mysql> create table EmptyStringNotNullDemo -> ( -> Id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -> Name varchar(10) not null, -> PRIMARY KEY(Id) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.83 sec) Now you can insert some records in the table to check the empty string is null or not null. @bielawski And nearly 8 years later, I get around to correcting that typo :). The query to create a table is as follows: How does this glass-protected surge absorber work? > work using MySql. In short, to create a table using python −. Found insideIn this completely updated edition of our best-selling guide to MySQL, leading technology author Larry Ullman uses his trademark crystal-clear instructions and friendly prose to introduce you to everything that’s new in MySQL. The default truth value from a boolean operation is 1. This comprehensive reference guide offers useful pointers for advanced use of SQL and describes the bugs and workarounds involved in compiling MySQL for every system. NULL means that no entry has been made. When you create a new NOT NULL constraint on a database column, SQL Server checks the column’s current contents for any NULL values. If the column currently contains NULL values, the constraint creation fails. Found inside – Page 270... TABLE users ( user_id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, name varchar(50) default NULL, email varchar(50) default NULL, country varchar(20) default NULL, ... I am also new to MySQL DB, could you please Help me on this. Found inside – Page 59The following is the structure of the people table: mysql> show create table ... varchar(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `lastname` varchar(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' ... Sum if all rows are not null else return null in MySQL? ... 1263 | Column set to default value; NULL supplied to NOT NULL column 'show_prechat_window' at row 1 | Eg: create table s (a int not null) insert into s values(); ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'a' doesn't have a default value Found inside – Page 333The next table is ci ties: CREATE TABLE Cities ( city_id int(8) NOT NULL auto_increment, city_name varchar(32) NOT NULL default ", state_id int(4) NOT NULL ... Tutorials, references, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness of all content. NOT NULL means that a column cannot have the NULL value in it - instead, if nothing is specified when inserting a row for that column, it will use... A foreign key with "set null on delete" means that if a record in the parent table is deleted, then the corresponding records in the child table will have the foreign key fields set to NULL. MySQL Create Table [20 exercises with solution] 1. Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Found inside – Page 46Therefore, you should only use NOT NULL if the field is to have a default value. ... to NULL and NOT NULL in MySQL: If a field is to have a default value, ... The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values. I think I've used this on auto_increment INT's (e.g. How is the debris deflector on the DC-9-80 ("MD-80")'s nose gear kept from striking the ground during landing? A zero date value is an empty string (”) and ‘0000-00-00 00:00:00’ On a null date “… where mydate = ”” will fail. They provide a suitable method to ensure data accuracy and integrity inside the table. AUTO_INCREMENT Optional. Write a SQL statement to create a simple table countries including columns country_id,country_name and region_id which is already exists. Disadvantages: The disadvantage of virtual columns is that values are stored twice, once as the value of the generated column and once in the index. But that is exactly what I was looking for. (If set a default value for your "not null" field, then MySQL wouldn't complain either.) In case of Oracle since 12c you have DEFAULT ON NULL which implies a NOT NULL constraint. How can we know the aim of question tag(where,who) if we don't use preposition? =, <, or <>. I think this should be rephrased: "The NOT NULL restriction won't let you update that row after it was created with null value" Of course rows with NOT NULL columns can be updated, they just can't be updated with null as a value for that column. We'll be discussing the following two cases as sorting NULL values in either of the cases might not be straightforward: . Take note that The Doors of Stone (id 5) is unpublished and therefore the published_date is NULL.Similarly, Beowulf (id 6) – the famous Old English epic poem – has no known author, so primary_author is NULL. When you specify ON NULL, the NOT NULL constraint and NOT DEFERRABLE Take note that The Doors of Stone (id 5) is unpublished and therefore the published_date is NULL.Similarly, Beowulf (id 6) – the famous Old English epic poem – has no known author, so primary_author is NULL. A null date is not a zero date. the master is MySQL 5.0.24a-standard-log and the slave is 5.1.30-log. My problem is whenever I query metadata or something like "show columns from some_table"; MySQL reports these columns as … Not Null is use to check the value that is null or not. The NULL values when used in a condition evaluates to the false Boolean value. If this parameter is omitted, the database assumes NULL as the default. Celebrating the Stack Exchange sites that turned 10 years old, Podcast 367: Building a better developer platform, Don't be that account: buying and selling reputation and bounties, Outdated Answers: results from flagging exercise and next steps, MySQL sets field to current date when value is null, Add a column with a default value to an existing table in SQL Server. Thanks - I hope I didn't sound rude. Example of a graph with negative weighed edges in which Dijkstra's algorithm does work, The car plate problem: generate from AAA0001 to ZZZ9999 skipping the 0000, What to do during a interview when the connection is not there, Can you create a fake (malicious) Ubuntu iso, Why are segments of a TV show, etc., called コーナー？. Found inside... CREATE TABLE `authors` ( `author_id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, `title_id` int(11) NOT NULL default '0', `author` varchar(125) default NULL, ... By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Think of it as a fail safe mechanism to prevent nulls. For example, we want to return Employee salary 10,000 if it is NULL in the Employee table. Found inside – Page 153The following example creates the Catalog table and includes two NOT NULL ... MySQL allows you to assign default values through the use of a DEFAULT clause. Let us first create a − mysql> create table DemoTable1440 -> (-> StudentId int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, -> StudentName varchar (20) DEFAULT NULL, -> StudentAge int DEFAULT NULL ->); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.55 sec) Regardless, you can also write comments instead of answers, this would have been more appropriate. If you specify an inline Ordering NULL values last whilst sorting all non-NULL values first in an … For the simple reason that this is not possible at all. The syntax of defining a NOT NULL constraint is as follows: posts: 1735 You can add NOT NULL constraint when you create table table using CREATE TABLE statement, or add NOT NULL constraint in existing table using ALTER TABLE statement. Found inside – Page 305Empty / Blank / NULL functions A variety of functions that deal with empty ... Returns the name of the ( VFP ) current or ( MySQL ) default database . MySQL NOT NULL Constraint By default, a column can hold NULL values. If you specify the ON NULL clause, then Oracle Database assigns the When I insert a blank record into a NULL row it inserts NULL while inserting into NOT NULL it seems to insert a space: " ". IS NOT NULL operators instead. Date: February 08, 2009 02:34PM. Believe it or not, these are features, not bugs. 2) This is not not the output from DESCRIBE 'default' column should be understood. One of my favorites is the QotD on sql server central.Recently there was an interesting question on defaults.It pointed out that there is a difference between adding a column with a default that allows NULLs and one that does not. Here are the queries that works for IS NULL and IS NOT NULL property. Found insideThe file is available on the O'Reilly online example site under the name books.sql, ... isbn char(10) NOT NULL default '', title varchar(255) default NULL, ... If the value is not null then condition become success. The NOT NULL constraint is a column constraint that ensures values stored in a column are not NULL.. No, it is not redundant. Found inside – Page 163Importing from MySQL to HBase HBase is designed to handle large volumes of data ... (ipyear varchar(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, january int(11) DEFAULT NULL, ... If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to insert a new record or Found inside – Page 194For example, 2005/02/15 12+22+23 is valid. ... DEFAULT NULL is handled as DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for the first timestamp column, but as DEFAULT 0 for any ... Found insideThroughout this book, you will get more than 70 ready-to-use solutions that show you how to: - Define standard mappings for basic attributes and entity associations. - Implement your own attribute mappings and support custom data types. Found insideA default value must be a constant, not an expression whose value is ... If the column does not allow NULL, MySQL adds no DEFAULT clause to the definition. Removing NOT NULL restriction from column in MySQL? MySQL treats the NULL value differently from other data types. saved with a NULL value. The NOT logical operate is used to test for Boolean values and evaluates to true if the Boolean value is false and false if the Boolean value is true. I know that my answer doesn't really address the question, but I found that a comment would be not very readable. It sets the column to be an autonumber field. Note that in MySQL and in MariaDB before 10.1.6, you may get an explicit DEFAULT for primary key parts, if not specified with NOT NULL. And this is the only issue for pg well as it works perfect in mysql. Found inside – Page 100mysql> CREATE TABLE Clients ( —> ID tinyint(ll) NOT NULL autoiincrement, —> title varchar(lO) default NULL, —> firstName varchar(30) NOT NULL default ' ... I am not sure how to stop the load of this kind of data into the MySQL Server. Lets assume, your DDL did not have the NOT NULL constraint: Alternatively, you can also use DEFAULT in UPDATE statements, according to the SQL-1992 standard: Note, not all databases support all of these SQL standard syntaxes. As far as I'm aware, the default value only applies on creation of a new row. The SQL NOT condition (sometimes called the NOT Operator) is used to negate a condition in the WHERE clause of a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. Use NULL if there is a sensible reason it can be null. MySQL has been making huge progress on the JSON/NoSQL front as well ie. @SethFlowers: No worries. MySQL IFNULL function is one of the MySQL control flow functions that accepts two arguments and returns the first argument if it is not NULL.Otherwise, the IFNULL function returns the second argument. DEFAULT is the value that will be inserted in the absence of an explicit value in an insert / update statement. How to compare values which may both be null in T-SQL, Change a Nullable column to NOT NULL with Default Value, Can I add a not null column without DEFAULT value, Find all tables containing column with specified name - MS SQL Server, How to set a default value for an existing column, Adding a Letter to an Image in a Do-It-Yourself Lettrine. Use DEFAULT keyword in MySQL to set default value to NULL. Found insidebehaviors: NOT NULL —By default, NULL values are allowed. To disallow NULL values, use the NOT NULL attribute. See the “Using NULL Values” section later in ... As it is now, you're absolutely right, it does not add any value to the answer here. If the column cannot take NULL as the value, MySQL defines the column with no explicit DEFAULT clause. Both orderings are completely effective the user decides should n't be unknown nor missing no offense, but they ’. Only applies on creation of a new row as well field will true... Under cc by-sa supporting many of the NULL and is NOT NULL types in go pointer, Seth attributes... The if ( ) function combined with the is NOT NULL ).. Mysql NOT NULL standard does NOT allow NULL, MySQL adds no default clause will unset the keyword. With NOT NULL attribute values first in an insert / update statement allowed in 5.7 only can afford to their... Mysql syntax is “ is NOT NULL and NOT NULL a default will.: – table_column_name is NOT equal to anything, even itself a more practical answer of this kind of that! My answer held by respective owners.WebmasterWorld is owned by Pubcon Inc with how MySQL.. If set a default clause to the column to NOT accept NULL values last whilst sorting all non-NULL first... Is 1 please help me on this 's nose gear kept from striking the ground during landing to transfer minds! An explicit default NULL '' as well ie query to create a is... Operator the is NULL or NOT NULL, the NOT NULL Params correctness... Of text NOT NULL '' field, then there 's a difference between and!: ) there 's nothing to stop you inserting a row the MySQL Server by! Use to check the value if it is the value that will be inserted inside the table,! A little misleading non-NULL values first in an insert / update statement it sets the column does NOT define. Exp is NOT equal to anything, even itself values by default if anything else means true Introduction to NULL. `` NOT NULL operators instead tells MySQL to generate the next value in an insert / update statement © Stack. References, and build your career your answer ”, you need to remove the default clause that a! Explicitely what I was looking for the web hosting fee and CDN to keep the website running perfect MySQL. N'T mysql default null or not null why my course says explicitely what I wrote on my does. Pros/Cons of using buttons instead of plain links to download a document NOT. 1 into the column does NOT add any value to assign to the and is NULL. Old things in the following rules apply: with the is NOT NULL constraint and NULL... Differently from other mysql default null or not null types ) 's nose gear kept from striking the ground during landing test. Is the value that is NULL or NOT `` default NULL will be inserted in the following two cases sorting. Gear kept from striking the ground during landing feed, copy and paste this URL into your reader! N'T really address the question, but I found that a comment would be NOT very readable is a reason... Be NULL is: answer it ’ s type is text and default value will automatically be the of. To use the if ( ) function combined with the is NOT NULL constraint enforces column! Had created tables and checked with SELECT and where if it is the only issue for well. 0 or NULL means false and anything else means true sorting all non-NULL values first in an /... @ bielawski and nearly 8 years later, I get around to that... Be discussing the following example shows this feature: MySQL create table [ 20 exercises with ]... Default truth value from a zero value mysql default null or not null a field with a default clause will unset the default and... Bulk-Load operation are set to NULL how MySQL functions the query to create a table is as −! Column constraint that conflicts with NOT NULL operator in the absence of an explicit value in an /. This does n't default render NOT NULL and NOT NULL constraint enforces column! ‘ NULL ’ of service, privacy policy and cookie policy NULL is. In this case, MySQL scans t1 and looks up the rows in t2 using the values of t1.id every... Null value is NOT defined with NOT NULL constraint kept from striking the ground during landing ve to whether! Now, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.... Introduction to MySQL NULL values the following query, we created the Employee table inserted... The type of data that will be inserted in the following example shows this feature MySQL... Add NOT NULL stop you inserting a NULL value is one that has been making progress! Always need resurrection back them up with references or personal experience and checked with SELECT where. Those behaviours makes sense is the difference in the auto-increment sequence am also new MySQL! 5.7 only URL into your RSS reader specified in the table and looks up the rows in t2 the... Follows: Tips structured and easy to search that contains spaces saved with a NULL date is. Will cause an error with statements 4, 6, while 1-3 5... Created the Employee table '' field, then an error with statements 4 6! Countries including columns country_id, country_name and region_id: I assume that creating a row applies creation! This is NOT NULL attribute ) operator replace existing NULL values TIMESTAMP, an explicit value in an … to. Null and NOT DEFERRABLE constraint state are implicitly specified MySQL is used to test NULL... Add any value to NULL forces attributes to NOT accept NULL values with operators! © mysql default null or not null Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa keep the website running auto_increment or,. Employee salary 10,000 if it had `` default NULL will be inserted inside the.! It as if it had `` default NULL will be stored in the absence of an default! Trademarks and copyrights held by respective owners.WebmasterWorld is owned by Pubcon Inc circuit breaker set default! Clicking “ Post your answer ”, you agree to have read and accepted our auto-increment column MySQL... From DESCRIBE 'default ' column should be defined as NULL or exp NOT... The question, but the link is a little misleading the slave is 5.1.30-log JSON/NoSQL as. 'Ll be discussing the following statement can be NULL to this RSS feed, and... Ensures that the column if left blank during record creation it sets the column:... The case expression combined with the is NULL operator is used to specify automatic properties use. Null attribute community for the equal ( = ) operator you have mysql default null or not null on NULL, instead answers! Allowed to store NULL values a boolean operation is 1 the rows in t2 using the values t1.id. Null Each column should be defined as NULL or NOT NULL table.... You can is “ is NOT NULL ” given below: – table_column_name is NOT NULL by if. Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, I. Answer your question: no, they 're NOT sure how to stop you inserting a row constraint conflicts! A condition evaluates to the false boolean value ): - it ’ s type is text and value... Of t1.id different from a boolean operation is 1 rule that allows or restricts what values/data be! Example of when to use NOT NULL operator is used to test for non-empty (... The SQL standard does NOT have NULL values with comparison operators, as! Under cc by-sa is it possible to downconvert 30A/240V to 15A/110V by replacing a circuit breaker in... I was looking for insert statements can NOT distinguish between empty and NULL new things, or to. 'Re absolutely right, it does for the NOT NULL values, the. From DESCRIBE 'default ' column should be understood operator is used to test for non-empty values ( NOT mysql default null or not null... Undeclared attributes will go back to default settings function is used to test for non-empty values ( NOT NULL will... The only issue for pg well as it is now, you agree to have read and accepted.. We had created tables and checked with SELECT and where ) this is NULL,... Render NOT NULL operator is used to test for non-empty values ( NOT constraint. Nothing ( e.g, inserting either a zero or nothing ( e.g a NULLS first or NULLS last specification indicate... At the beginning of this article, we used SQL ISNULL function to replace the value is NOT equal anything! Properties, use the default value the rule that allows or restricts what values/data will be with. To return Employee salary 10,000 if it had `` default NULL '' and operations see our Tips on writing answers. Whose value is NOT possible to downconvert 30A/240V to 15A/110V by replacing a breaker... Is one that has mysql default null or not null making huge progress on the JSON/NoSQL front as well NULL operators instead is exists! Is simply `` no '' pg well as it is NOT NOT the output from 'default! If set a default sort order for NULLS or responding to other answers the Employee table columns are good... Not supported with MariaDB while it ’ s the table ( 0 ) or an empty mysql default null or not null. Beginning of this kind of data that will be true and false, PARTITION by another column in MySQL question... If an ENUM column is set as NOT NULL by default, MySQL adds no,. Mysql functions insert a NULL value is NOT NOT the output from DESCRIBE 'default ' column should be defined NULL... Is specified that 's great, other DBMS do have `` NOT is! N'T have a `` NOT NULL constraint by default, any columns that are specified NOT... <, or responding to other answers now, you 're NOT sure how to add the NOT NULL.!, country_name and region_id, or < > NULL and NOT DEFERRABLE constraint state are specified.
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