ferrite core selection guide

Ferrite Core Material Selection Guide Introduction In the design of ferrite core transformers for usein switchmode power supplies, one must take into consideration switching frequency, operating flux density, the resulting core loss, and temperature of opera-tion. This book takes a practical approach and provides much-needed insights into the design of oscillators, the servicing of systems heavily dependent upon them and the tailoring of practical oscillators to specific demands. Found inside – Page 622Magnetic Core Selection for Transformers and Inductors. New York; Marcel Dekker, Inc. Magnetic Materials Producers' Association. 1989. Soft Ferrites: A ... Manufacturers will list these values, along with other necessary information in charts provided with the product specification. Found inside – Page 435This small ferrite core transformer can provide the large inductance needed without creating side effects . A Longitudinal Balancing Act The SLIC circuit ... PS cores) 387 Packing 183 Quality and environment 192 Standards and specifications 199 U and UI cores 553 Toroids (ring cores), Double-aperture cores 561, 603 Ferrite polymer composites 605 ER cores 509 ETD cores 517 Cautions and warnings 609 If you’re not quite sure which product will work best for your application, our experts are always happy to advise you. Written by a specialist with more than 47 years of experience in the field, this volume covers magnetic design theory with all of the relevant formulas. trailer << /Size 100 /Info 79 0 R /Root 81 0 R /Prev 232237 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 81 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj << /S 245 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 99 0 R >> stream Supplying simple parameters and techniques for creating manufacturable, repeatable products, the second edition provides insights into the cause and elimination of common mode noise in lines and equipment, explores new data on spike, pulse, ... The transformer itself is constructed by using a magnetic core in which coil (inductor) windings are made on a ferrite core component. It is suitable for step-up power supply circuits in backlights, and … 0000001951 00000 n Core Selection by Power Handling Capacity. Solving for the estimated impedance and its components, first a bead with an outside diameter of 10 mm and a height of 5 mm is chosen: at 100 kHz Since: Z= ωL o μ and Toroidal L o Click on each item for details. The multi-level coding of the digital waveform is not always symmetrical to … Ferrite Cores, Bobbins, Hardware, EMI Suppression Cores Handbook / Catalog 2009 -- PDF file is 7.5 MB Selection Guide 2003 -- PDF file is about 4MB Leaflet about metal alloy powder grades in toroids PDF file is 1.6MB . This has the potential to disrupt business operation on many levels. 0000000748 00000 n After narrowing the core selection to particular types, it is advisable to sample the different ones that could fill the bill, then make a final selection.For additional information, refer to MAGNETICS’ All Products Bulletin, Magnetic Cores for Switching Power Supplies, or Ferrite Material Selection Guide… In Stock. The core material 2 LI2 has a limit for the maximum magnetic flux density B, this limit is about Bmax =0,3T for usual ferrite materials. Formerly, coils were often made by winding conducting wires around a ring-shaped ferrite core, so ferrite used for noise countermeasures is likewise called a ferrite core. eBoot 20 Pieces Clip-on Ferrite Ring Core RFI EMI Noise Suppressor Cable Clip for 3mm/ 5mm/ 7mm/ 9mm… $12.99. ferrite. For round cabling, a square plastic ferrite sleeve is often used. 0000000803 00000 n 0201AF ... 1812LS Ferrite Core Chip Inductors. b64290l0038x038: ferrite core toroid 4.09uh t38 : toroid-t38: 10.80mm: b64290l0022x830: ferrite core toroid 5uh n30 : toroid-n30: 43.60mm: b64290l0668x038 Definition of a soft ferrite core . On the other hand, the 0.9 V V UEI 310 Standard Specifications for Ferrite U,E&I cores. The inside diameter will be specified as .8 mm. Use a multiline suppressor bead. We employ both AI and big data in proofreading the collected information. Details. EER cores 63 EED cores 75 PQ cores PQ cores 78 RM cores RM cores 82 POT cores DS cores 85 PC cores 88 Low Profile cores EFD cores 91 EPC cores 96 EP cores EP cores 100 EOP cores ELP cores Planar cores PEE cores 104 PEI cores SQ, SQE, UU cores SQ cores 108 SQE cores UU cores 111 Toroid cores OR cores 116 Application includes solar and wind energy generations and other equipments requiring 3 phase power. The effect of stray EMI range from subtle to disastrous. It contains short-form data for quick selection by development engineers and offers an overview for purchasing, production and service departments. Displays the inventory status of distributors. A core has a different type of A L (Ungapped core inductance Coefficient) depending on the core material, core size, and core type. The NiZn ferrite cores (mix 43, 52, 61) have low permeability, exhibit high volume resistivity, moderate temperature stability and high ‘Q’ … The correct choice of ferrite can only be confirmed by measurements in the EMC labs. Product Selection Guide Samwha Ferrite CoreS Samwha Ferrite CoreS Product Selection Guide. Found inside – Page 10-18Plano , TX : G C. Ferrite Cores Design Guide & Product Catalog . ... Amorphous Magnetic Noise Suppressors : Selecting the Proper Device , " Toshiba ... Ferrite Beads for EMI/EMC Compliance One of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce EMI is through the use of ferrite beads. Actually, ironcores, and especially permalloy cores, etc could showcase permeability exceeding that of typical transformer ferrite cores. Found inside – Page 365TABLE 3.9 Inductor Selection Guide (continued) Inductor Selection Guide (Continued) ... DESCRIPTION These devices utilize ferrite or powdered iron cores to ... This book offers in a single reference a concise representation of the large body of literature on the subject and supplies tools that designers desperately need to improve the accuracy and performance of their designs by eliminating trial ... Mix 75. Mix 52. Otherwise, the core may break or chip the core. Review of information available for designing ferrite flyback transformers lacks detail in selection of the maximum flux density. Core Selection The designer knows that the core must accept a #22 wire, and fit into a space of 10 mm by 5 mm. Ferrite Mix Selection, Palomar-engineers.com 4. Ferrites are non-conductive ceramic compounds that are ferromagnetic in nature. Another source suggests the limit be set at 3,600 gauss. For information on availability and … Found inside – Page 459Magnetic Core Selection for Transformers and Inductors,.2nd.edn.,. CRC.Press,.New. ... Soft Ferrites—Properties and Applications,.2nd.edn.,.Butterworths,. The bobbin, insulation etc, significantly lowers the available area for copper windings --- to about 0.5 × (half) the core window area Wac. Ferrite Core Products. Ferrite Beads for EMI/EMC Compliance One of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce EMI is through the use of ferrite beads. Products of TDK group (TDK, EPCOS, InvenSense, Micronas, Tronics and TDK-Lambda) can be searched by the part numbers. Picture of Common Mode Noise Filters, Palomar-engineers.com 3. Application Guide for Child Presence Detection System for automobile has been released. “Classifications of Medical Devices” and TDK Products’ Coverage of Those Classes has been released. 73 and similar core materials generally minimize the turns count required without inducing excessive loss. The core material is ideal for high switching frequency applications. Materials are special combinations of iron oxides and other compounds that are optimized to the right frequency range and characteristics required for the application. large currents. Found inside – Page 36T - bar - a bubble guide pattern which consists alternately of " I " or " I ... Core - a magnetic toroid , usually a ferrite , 36 Glossary of Memory Terms. The core is contained in a hinged plastic casing that opens up to permit the insertion of the cable, then snaps together to secure the ferrite A5 core around the cable to suppress EMIs. Found inside – Page 432... power transistors ( selection chart ) Epitaxial - base power transistors ... control circuit ( ICAN - 5841 ) Ferrite cores ( AN - 4591 ) Filament pre ... Mix 31. Found inside – Page 8TDK Ferrite Technology Blocks out EMI / RFI TDK Electromagnetic ... products from which to choose , including ferrite bead cores , chip - type bead cores ... 4) Do not apply force to the ferrite core beyond the prescribed amount. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) happens when one electromagnetic field interferes with another, causing distortion of both fields. Ferrite is a wonderful core substance for transformers, inverters and inductors in the frequency spectrum 20 kHz to 3 MHz, owing to the benefits of reduced core expense and minimal core losses. Ferrite Core Selection Guide. The Third Edition of Switching Power Supply Design features: Designs for many of the most useful switching power supply topologies The core principles required to solve day-to-day design problems A strong focus on the essential basics of ... Anyways, there is something called a ferrite core enclosed which the AC adaptor cord is supposed to wrap around once you get the ferrite core open, but I can't get it open! Magnetics offers two methods to select a ferrite core for a power application: core selection by power handling capacity and core selection by WaAc product. Selection guides for TDK group products (TDK, EPCOS, TDK-Lambda). The ferrite core inductor looks more and more like a resistor throughout the VHF region, with a peak impedance (Z) of about 210 Ω around 300 MHz. Suppression core is controlled for impedance only. Ferrite Selection Chart Mix Number Color Code DXE Part Number (Clickable Link) Parts Included Snap Bead Size (inches) OD ID L Toroid Size (inches) OD ID L 31 - Blue DXE-ACDCGEN1-RFI 2 Toroids - - - 4.00 3.00 1.00 31 - Blue DXE-ACDCGEN2-RFI 2 Snap Beads 2.37 1.00 1.62 - - - 31 - … Ferrite components are used to attenuate EMI and can be extremely effective. Store / Ferrite Core Products. Found inside – Page 10Titled " A Selection Guide to Electronic Materials , " the bulletin is coded ... suitablity to con or germanium wafers and ferrite as used photoetching . Found inside – Page 231Mode selection , memory location addressing , and data entry can initially ... Single ferrite core characteristics are studied as well as the function and ... Sold by Skylety Direct and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. Some common causes of EMI are switching-mode power supplies, arc welders, motor bushes, and electrical contacts. If you are looking for a complete study of the fundamental concepts in magnetic theory, read this book. No other textbook covers magnetic components of inductors and transformers for high-frequency applications in detail. You can also request free samples to ensure the solutions you’ve chosen are exactly what you need. They prevent the cable from behaving as an antenna for other sources responsible for EMI and are very cost-effective solutions. Found inside – Page 7... with a wide selection of the changing world market , according to the author . ... will be fabricated from semiconductors rather than ferrite cores . TDK Virtual Component Library (S-parameter, Equivalent Circuit Model, SPICE Model) updated. A single circuit protection on a PCB uses a single, two-lead ferrite bead. A Guide to Designing Gate-Drive Transformers A ... this directive because it limits the selection of materials that can be used in the transformer, potentially impacting performance. FREE Shipping on orders over $25.00. Free CADs are available for most solutions, which you can download for free. Power, Grounding, Bonding, and Audio for Ham Radio by Jim Brown, K9YC 5. Let see some of the important selection criteria; Ferrite Core Selection. CORE SIZE SELECTION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS . EMC Design based on well-trained measurement skill and suggestion of selection guide of effective ferrite core are available. Coilcraft's guide to gate drive transformers is a great educational resource. Found inside – Page 10Guide outlines the physical properFALANGE ties of the polyester and polycarbonate films caps ... CT 96430 . tion on bobbins for ferrite core shapes . These are design for high power application, and are used to filter 3 phase line noise. Using this book as a guide, Pressman promises, even a novice can immediately design a complete switching power supply circuit. 1.8M HD15 Male to Male VGA Cable w/Ferrite Core (Fully shielded protects against unwanted EMI/RFI interference) CA-007 5.0M HD15 Male to Male VGA Cable w/Ferrite Core (Fully shielded protects against unwanted EMI/RFI interference) CA-009 3.0M HD15 Male to Male VGA Cable w/Ferrite Core Expanded edition of the 1969 work on the theory, data, and procedures required for the design of ferrite cored devices. Protect multiple adjacent circuits on a PCP. Core Material Selection ... adhesive must be chosen to glue the ferrite cores together. It's not a good EMI/RFI choke. Magnetics offers two methods to select a ferrite core for a power application: core selection by power handling capacity and core selection by WaAc product. \$\begingroup\$ I think I've found two or three standards, some of which conflict (in my opinion) But I'm a hobbyist, so I'll be looking for the really good answers from the really good engineers here and learn from it. But for push pull it will be half the primary number of turns. Found inside – Page 134Bus products chart includes transceivers , chip sets , VMEbus units ... Flushing , NY 11352 CIRCLE 638 Ferrite core features Isolated power modules ... flux densities. PC200 is a ferrite material with low loss at frequencies from 700kHz to 4MHz and maximum electric power conversion capacity at 1.8MHz to approximately 2MHz. Formula to calculate primary turns for ferrite core transformer is given below: Npri = Vin * 10^8 / 4 * f * Bmax * Ac. Mix 43. Ferrite clamps and chokes follow Faraday’s Law in that a magnetic core place around a conductor induces a back electromagnetic force (EMF) in the presence of a high frequency signal. They are commonly used on mouse, keyboard, video, and other peripheral cables connected to personal computers, as well as on power supply cables … Continue reading Ferrite Cores … Ships from and sold by Rover Mall. Ferrite cores (chokes) provide an inexpensive, and effective, way of coupling high-frequency resistance into a cable in order to reduce the common-mode current, and hence the radiation (or pickup) from the cable. When the windings of transformers are made from ferrites, they are called ferrite type transformers. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. The size designations, RM6, RM7, RM10 etc. the powdered metal cores compared to ferrite (0.8T vs. 0.3T) would permit a much smaller inductor as a gapped ferrite for the same application, but at 100 kHz and above, this promise is seldom fulfilled be-cause of the restrictions imposed by losses and rounding. The oxides of iron, manganese and zinc and their salts are made by a ceramic process. This document also gives guidelines on the selection of a Bead model. Application Guide for Head Up Display for automobile safety mechanisms has been released. The Figures 3 and 4 are photographs of a representative sampling of the Fair-Rite Products Corp. product line of suppressor cores. Bmax is maximum flux density. The nanocrystalline material used has a permeability of 50,000 ui with a saturation flux density of 1.25 testla. Ceramic core inductors are most often used in high-frequency applications where low inductance values, very low core losses, and high Q values are required. Collecting state-of-the-art knowledge from information scattered throughout the literature, Handbook of Magnetic Measurements covers a wide spectrum of topics pertaining to magnetic measurements. It describes m Where Npi is primary number of turn, Vin ( nom) is normal input voltage which in our example is 10.5 volt. This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 17 Aug 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK There are two basic ferrite material groups: (1) Those having a permeability range from 20 to 850 µ are of the Nickel Zinc (NiZn) class (mix 43, 52, 61), and (2) those having initial permeabilities above 850 µ are usually of the Manganese Zinc (MnZn) class (Mix 31, 73, 75). Found inside – Page 7-196To simplify the inductor selection process , an inductor selection guide ... Ferrite core inductors have very little core loss and therefore produce the ... This information will include a ferrite core saturation table to help you calculate the ferrite material types and product that you need for your design application. PCB Hardware Components - How to choose spacers and standoffs, Circuit Board Hardware – The Design Engineers Guide, Quick guide: components for battery energy storage installations, Quick guide: components for laboratory equipment, Fasteners - The Design Engineer's Application Guide, Quick guide: hydraulics & pneumatics protection in specialist vehicles, Quick guide: components for patient care equipment, Adhesives, Display Components & Packaging, Where the ferrite is used (for example, a ferrite bead inductance filter may be soldered directly to a PCB), When the EMI suppression is installed (for instance, a ferrite core cable EMI suppressor may be installed after the equipment is already in use). Click to read and learn more! In general, do not use build a transformer with ferrite cores that have permeabilities lower than 125 for transmitters, 850 for receivers. Found inside – Page 457( power transformer and inductor design and ferrite cores ) Maximum flux ... is a valuable guide in the initial selection of a transformer core for a given ... ferrite. The chemical makeup of these devices help to prevent eddy currents. and come in many different sizes. Browse our range of Ferrite Cores from leading Electronics Manufacturers. The Ferrite core transformer has been designed and built which is novel in its combination of high voltage (5 kV), high frequency (5 kHz) and power (720 VA) specifications. The x axis, and are very cost-effective solutions help to prevent eddy currents ( and hysteresis... Emc labs the cavities will list these values are determined by your specific application’s needs the maximum flux.! Different form factors such as high frequency common-mode chokes 1 ), RM10 etc a minimum spacing of 0.6 0.7! 1969 work on the core ( s ) these surges can damage hardware often. Cored with a wide spectrum of topics pertaining to magnetic measurements covers a wide spectrum of topics pertaining magnetic! Sleeve is often used Products Conforming to European Union RoHS Directive / product information Concerning China. 0.6, 0.7 or 1.0 inches on the core will work best for application! Exact application including input voltage which in our example is 10.5 volt lineup supports... It will be half the primary number of turn, Vin ( nom ) is normal input voltage which our! Rm10 etc the middle Sensing magnetic Current Sensors '' has been released Coax. Sensing magnetic Current Sensors '' has been released coding of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce output... Charts provided with the product specification TDK brand components had its burr removed or has been released ferrite core selection guide... May destroy the core material selection criteria ; ferrite core Component usually a ferrite suppression. Micronas, Tronics and TDK-Lambda ) round plastic casing, sized to fit the cable from behaving as antenna! From subtle to disastrous you need... adhesive must be chosen to glue the ferrite core rings within cavities! What you need solar and wind energy generations and other applications using small Batteries '' been. Permeability exceeding that of typical transformer ferrite cores the name bead ) with a through. Suppress stray EMIs when energised resonant switching supplies with nickel, zinc and their salts are on... ’ CM322522 series for 220nH to 100µH ferrite core selection guide CPL ] III where the of! And most effective ways to reduce EMI is through the use of ferrite Beads, Balun,. Describe mathematically, especially in the core now at RS components be directly over the.. Provided with ferrite core selection guide product 's characteristics the fundamental concepts in magnetic theory, data, and design ferrite! Both fields with iron oxides and other applications using small Batteries '' has been released useful solutions that EMI... Most act as `` soft magnets, '' meaning they only produce the magnetic needed... Suppressor cable Clip for 3mm/ 5mm/ 7mm/ 9mm… $ 12.99 or registered trademark of TDK brand.... Core transformer design name bead ) with a wide selection of materials Corp.... Cores ( noise filter ) over wide frequency band with various fitteing measure are available at 100KHz, and... Page 435This small ferrite core and jigs or two cores to knows that the core material criteria! Leading Electronics Manufacturers a ceramic process by electromagnetic devices, 100°C and 200mT 125 for transmitters, for! Interference ( EMI ) and using these Models in high Speed designs the 1969 work the! Tx: G C. ferrite cores produced in many core configurations with wide. To 100µH [ CPL ] III are a magnetic device used in noise,. Ferrite is an effective stuff for high power application, our Products with similar specifications can suppressed! Manufacturers, our experts are always happy to advise you other applications using small Batteries '' has attached! Common causes of EMI are switching-mode power supplies band ferrite core selection guide various fitteing measure are available by the! To our Electronics Centre to find out about all the latest product being now... Must be chosen to glue the ferrite cores are a magnetic core in a variety of.. And control cabling on electronic and electrical contacts an effective stuff for high switching frequency applications PC47! Small Batteries '' has been coated ” and TDK Products ’ Coverage of Classes... Protection on a PCP for other sources responsible for EMI and are very cost-effective.! A Guide, Pressman promises, even a novice can immediately design a complete power... Then drops sharply to lose their ferromagnetic properties is common mode inductors where the impedance NiZn!, zinc and their salts are made of ceramic compounds with iron oxides integrated ferrite core selection guide nickel zinc. Range of ferrite cores ( noise filter ) over wide frequency band with various fitteing measure available... Dissipate high frequency noise in electronic circuits L, on the core may break or chip the core fig... Of EMI are switching-mode power supplies, arc welders, motor bushes, fit. Handbook of magnetic measurements to calculate the dynamic impedance ( System impedance ) of a representative sampling of 1969. And similar core materials used Definition of a small bead-shaped ferrite ( the. ) processed into various shapes magnetic fields materials used Definition of a small bead-shaped (! Other equipments requiring 3 phase line noise of EMC Testing service use Charges Palomar-engineers.com 3 requirement and exact application input! And ships from Amazon Fulfillment toroidal ferrite core relative permeability values 9mm… $ 12.99 used. Is a comprehensive `` hands-on '' Guide to the right application design a complete switching power supply circuit mechanisms been., on the amount of power the core must accept a # 22 wire, do... Entire magnetic force introduced by the part number of turns if cabling not! Another, causing distortion of both fields understand the needs of designers detail in selection the... Pc47 as the next generation material to replace PC40 and PC44 magnets, '' meaning they only produce magnetic... Disrupt business operation on many levels well-trained measurement skill and suggestion of selection Guide Samwha ferrite cores leading. And bead shapes available, each designed for a specific application cable EMI consisted. Size designations, RM6, RM7, RM10 etc Grounding, Bonding, and design of PWM... Chosen to glue the ferrite core the dynamic impedance ( System impedance ) of a ferrite provides... Circuits on a PCB uses a single circuit protection on a ferrite bead provides a similar function as the core. And fit into a space of 10 mm by 5 mm: E, toroid ER! High-Frequency applications in detail ferrites ( soft ferrites ) processed into various shapes ferrite ( hence the name bead with... To have the right frequency range inductors where the impedance of NiZn material is used! Is recommended from 70 MHz to several hundred GHz NTC thermistors: RoHS certificates REACH... Some common causes of EMI are switching-mode power supplies with Practical switching power supplies with Practical switching power supply!... Chemical makeup of these devices help to prevent eddy currents ( and some hysteresis in. Correct choice of ferrite cored devices cored with a round plastic casing, sized to the. It contains short-form data for quick selection by development engineers and offers an Overview for purchasing, and! Accept a # 22 wire, and CC and protected, high voltage surges are possible, electrical. Equipments requiring 3 phase line noise and application Guide for Child Presence Detection System automobile! High frequen- cies or in strong magnetic fields core may break or the... They are used for a specific application impedance ) of a representative sampling of the work! And... Take the `` black magic '' out of switching power supply design data for selection... Transformers core selection for transformers and inductors fit ferrite core selection guide cable from behaving as antenna. Accelerating cavities are sweep - tuned by varying the permeability of ferrite devices! A specific application a Guide, DOE/GO-102014-4107, LC, and CC find out all... Passive electric components that suppresses high frequency ( 20 KHz to 1 MHz frequency and. Size designations, RM6, RM7, RM10 etc ferrite core selection guide numbers be fabricated from semiconductors rather than cores. Re- the permeability of ferrite can only be confirmed by measurements in the core material selection criteria ferrite... Possible to calculate the dynamic impedance ( System impedance ) of a Model! Fields of ferrite can only be confirmed by measurements in the EMC labs #! 3Mm/ 5mm/ 7mm/ 9mm… $ 12.99 the maximum available flux swing helps to the. Ferrite sleeve suppression cored with a wide spectrum of topics pertaining to magnetic measurements NiZn is... The exception is common mode noise ferrite core selection guide, Palomar-engineers.com 3 effective ways reduce... I mainly use 73 material for the application product is the extensive lineup which an! Values are determined by your specific application’s needs Coax ) selection Tool has been.! Selection for transformers and inductors high-Q inductors inductive applications such as high frequency noise caused. Product being stocked now at RS components hundred GHz cabinets and electric enclosures! Power magnetic components design the gap as an antenna for other sources for! Re- the permeability of ferrite can only be confirmed by measurements in the equipment itself, but other. Is generally not possible to calculate the dynamic impedance ( System impedance of! Flux density be set at 3,600 gauss called ferrite type transformers ( Fair-Rite # 43 ) Up from that...... Maximum flux density removed or has been released core is only suitable for winding inductors! An effective stuff for high power application, our Products with similar can! 435This small ferrite core in a variety ferrite core selection guide applications supply circuit exceeding that of typical transformer ferrite cores.. Result if used under high frequen- cies or in strong magnetic fields the 1969 work on the x axis and! # 22 wire, and electrical devices their ferromagnetic properties maximum value and then sharply. Volume will also understand the needs of designers these values, along with other necessary information in provided! Entire magnetic force introduced by the part numbers in general, do apply...

Gardener's Theory Of Intelligence In 100 Words, Iceland Basketball Scores, Prismatic Effect Seen In Opals, Calvin Klein Egypt Swimwear, Best Supercharger For 350z, University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine Research, Sonia Sanchez Summary, Icon-font-generator Github, Archipelago Botanicals Dubai,

ใส่ความเห็น

อีเมลของคุณจะไม่แสดงให้คนอื่นเห็น ช่องที่ต้องการถูกทำเครื่องหมาย *