Thank you for subscribing! Its comparison to The Salem Witch Trials can be summed up in this statement from Encyclopedia Britannica: "Although he failed to make a plausible case against anyone, his colorful and cleverly presented accusations drove some persons out of … The Salem witch trials were an event that took place in Massachusetts 1692–1693. Encyclopedia Britannica – Salem Witch Trials. Two centuries ago, Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte was one of the most famous women in America. $52.46 / Year. Articles Primary Sources & E-Books Websites ... ©2021 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Charges. (Published, September 23, 2016). They also believed that they had confirmation that there were more witches in the community. 300B Mrs. Anderson May 10, 2017 Salem Witch Trials 1692 was an extremely dark time in American history. Colonial officials believed the girls and arrested the women. Web. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. xvi + 197 pp , , . On the bottom of each page is a list of more Britannica articles about related topics -- reference, history, philosophy, science/technology, people, etc. In addition, Parrisâs Puritan theology and preaching divided the congregation. Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is “A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.” The Salem witch trials were a series of investigations and persecutions that occurred from June 1692 to May 1693 in the town of Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts). Parris soon pressured Betty and Abigail to identify their tormentor. This is a new release of the original 1946 edition. The commonwealth also compensated the families of the victims. Call Number: 809 CIV. Weâve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Discover encyclopedia articles, multimedia, primary sources, games, and other learning resources that support student research and reinforce curriculum standards. Encyclopedia Britannica. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The abuses of the Salem witch trials would contribute to changes in U.S. court procedures. On the bottom of each page is a list of more Britannica articles about related topics -- reference, history, philosophy, science/technology, people, etc. Historians generally believe that some 110,000 people in total were tried for witchcraft. Both Good and Osborn protested their own innocence, though Good accused Osborn. The Salem witch trials escalated until 180 residents had been accused of witchcraft. Dates: baptized August 24, 1634, died September 22, 1692. Witches were considered to be followers of Satan who had traded their souls for his assistance. Destination Salem – Salem Witch Trials. 1692 – Bridget Bishop, Colonial Massachusetts woman hanged as a witch during the Salem witch trials (b. The play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is based on the Salem witch trials. Nineteen people were found guilty and hanged. The American Revolution did not, of course, begin with a single “shot heard round the world” but was rather the result of a simmering opposition developing in Massachusetts from at least 1770. Question: How many convicted “witches” were hanged? In the town of Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, several young girls, stimulated by supernatural tales told by a West Indian slave, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused three women of witchcraft. A contemporary of Thomas Danfoth, Samuel Dewall, also a judge during the Salem Witch Trials. A few of the girls then claimed to be possessed by the devil. Thomas Brattle (June 20, 1658 – May 18, 1713) was an American merchant who served as treasurer of Harvard College and member of the Royal Society.He is known for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials and the formation of the Brattle Street Church.. Brattle was also a mathematician, astronomer, and an experienced traveler. Gigi Papasavvas Papasavvas 1 American Lit. Britannica does not review the converted text. In addition to the print volume, Satan and Salem will also be available as a linked e-book offering the reader the opportunity to investigate firsthand the primary sources and maps on which Ray's groundbreaking argument rests. The Salem Witch Trials - The Smithsonian The Salem Witch Trials Museum Witch Trials - Britannica Encyclopedia The Salem Witch Trials - How Evil Controlled a Community Salem Witch Trials - Video Salem Witch Trials - Primary Documents Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Rebecca Chamberlain and the Salem Witch Trials. In 1692 a group of young Salem girls, for no apparent reason, began falling into wild fits and imagining that people's spirits—preparing to do evil—were separating from their bodies. During this time frame the 500+ inhabitants of Salem lived in two very discrete communities, there was Salem Village and Salem Town. As public zeal abated, the trials were stopped and then condemned. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! ... Encyclopedia Britannica – Salem Witch Trials. The witchcraft scare probably began when an enslaved woman named Tituba told a group of girls stories about African witchcraft. That same year, Samuel Sewall, one of the judges, publicly acknowledged his own error and guilt in the proceedings. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. What Caused the Salem Witch Trials? He was summoned from his new home in Maine and accused of being the witchesâ ringleader. Saxon, Vicki. Salem witch trials | Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/event/Salem-witch-trials Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is “A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.” Salem Witch Trials. Salem Witch Trials and ExecutionsThe pre-trial hearings in the cases of Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba set the stage for the social strife that would soon rip Salem apart. The Encyclopedia Britannica showcases these definitions clearly in their entry on familiars, in which they highlight that the noun form of ‘familiar’ – meaning an imp or spirit that assists, instructs, or otherwise augments a witch’s powers – came about in the Middle Ages during the witch trials. The Salem witch trials took place in Salem Village, Massachusetts, in 1692–93. Encyclopædia Britannica; “Tower of London.” New World Encyclopedia). On July 19, five more convicted people were hanged, including Nurse and Good. The second was roughly 10 miles (16 kilometers) inland from Salem Town. They included Rebecca Nurse, a woman of some prominence. Salem Witch Trials. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. There is no known image of Danforth. Found insideThis book provides numerous examples that apply the modern theory of bureaucracy developed in Breton and Wintrobe (1982 and 1986) to the Nazi Holocaust. Salem, Massachusetts. The authority of the court scared away so many people and many innocent lives were ended under false accusations. The Salem Witch Trials occurred because of resource struggles, many women were accused and tortured, and in the end the Governor realized that it was a big mistake. Most of them were loyal to Putnam and Parris. England Died: August 19, 1692. The Salem witch trials are a byword for suspicion, persecution, and hysteria—and for good reason. On March 1, two magistrates from Salem Town went to the village to investigate. THE STORY: Harry Peters walks into an old club, greeting what may be an old friend or a long lost brother. They claimed that Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn bewitched them. Business Insider, March 10 th, 2014 – How a Bogus Sex Abuse Accusation Fueled a Nationwide Hysteria. Mostly a compilation of superstition and folklore, the book was taken very seriously at the time it was written in the 15th century and became a kind of spiritual law book used by judges to determine the guilt of the accused"--From ... We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. Business Insider, March 10 th, 2014 – How a Bogus Sex Abuse Accusation Fueled a Nationwide Hysteria. See Terms and Conditions below. He saw it as a blasphemous act. The first book printed in English in what was to become the United States of America. Also available is a videotaped discussion of the story by James Durbin. However, the accused were no longer just outsiders and outcasts but rather upstanding members of the community. N.p., 27 Oct. 2015. Experts attribute the widespread fear to a number of things. Critics have noted that the novel has strong autobiographical components and is likely a thinly fictionalized account of the writer's own experiences as a student at Bowdoin College. Found inside – Page 96Jeff Wallenfeldt, “Salem Witch Trials,” Encyclopedia Britannica, modified July 18, 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Salem-witch-trials. 7. Girls who claimed to be possessed by the devil accused adults of witchcraft. Those who confessed were spared the courtâs vengeance because the Puritans believed that they would receive their punishment from God. The letter was circulated widely in Boston at the time, and it continues to be studied for its reasoned attack on the witchcraft trials in Salem. The Salem witch trials were a series of investigations and persecutions that occurred from June 1692 to May 1693 in the town of Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts). Ultimately, 19 individuals who had refused to admit guilt were hanged and another was pressed to death. The proceedings led to the hanging of 19 suspected witches and the … Although it is no longer a royal residence, the Tower officially remains a royal palace, and as such, maintains a permanent Guard, part of the unit forming the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace. At the suggestion of a neighbor, Tituba baked a âwitch cake.â The cake would supposedly identify the witch causing the girlsâ illness. The governor of Massachusetts stopped the trials and released the prisoners. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. They sought greater autonomy for the village and power for themselves. The Salem witch trials were the result of a combination of church politics, family feuds, and hysteria. The town panicked. Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is “A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.” Salem Town and Salem Village / Witchcraft in America by Peggy Saari; Elizabeth M. Shaw This fascinating and informative source covers the history of witchcraft in the United States from the hysteria that facilitated the witch hunts during the Colonial Period to modern day followers of Wicca. In the town of Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, several young girls, stimulated by supernatural tales told by a West Indian slave, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused three women of witchcraft. Found insideYears later, Reuben takes his grown son hunting and is forced to confront his guilt about not keeping his promise to a dying man. “Roger Malvin’s Burial” was adapted into a short radio program in 1949, and was also republished in the ... Because of his actions, Salem divided into pro- and anti-Parris factions. It had been settled by strict Christians called Puritans. Under pressure, many of the people on trial falsely accused others. During the 18th and 19th centuries, it developed as one of New England’s leading maritime and shipbuilding centres, and during the American Revolution (1775–83) and the War of … He brought his wife, their three children, a niece, and two slavesâJohn Indian, a man, and Tituba, a woman. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. For the fears of attacks from neighboring Native American tribes and a longstanding rivalry with community of Salem Town,witch they feared was better, the Salem witch trials would be fueled by residents’ suspicions of witchcraft and the resentment held toward their neighbors, as well as their fear of outsiders, and the independence of women. In early October 1692, Brattle wrote a letter to an English clergyman which was critical of the Salem Witch Trials. Published by Taylor Trade Publishing, 2002. The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege by Marilynne K Roach. This move did not sit well with many members of the congregation. Bridget Bishop "I am no witch. It was not until 2001, however, that the last 11 of the convicted were fully exonerated. The trials played a role in the advent of the guarantee of the right to legal representation. A Fever in Salem: A New Interpretation of the New England Witch Trials. 'Segu is a garden where cunning grows. Segu is built on treachery' It is 1797 and the African kingdom of Segu, born of blood and violence, is at the height of its power. Destination Salem – Salem Witch Trials. After young girls Betty Parris and Abigail Williams exhibited severe convulsions and other strange symptoms, village doctor William Griggs diagnosed them as having been bewitched. In the following years, many of those involved in the trials offered acts of repentance. (See Chapter 3 for information on the circumstances that led to the arrests of these three women on witchcraft charges; also see Tituba's biography entry.) Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. Those who insisted upon their innocence met harsher fates. It includes all manner of sources from the Court, including letters to and from judges, transcriptions of hearings, and even arrest warrants. The Salem Witch Trials were marked by a lack of due process. The Salem Witch Trials Museum Witch Trials - Britannica Encyclopedia The Salem Witch Trials - How Evil Controlled a Community Salem Witch Trials - Video Salem Witch Trials - Primary Documents . The way in which the Salem Witch Trials were conducted left many defenseless individuals stuck in a cycle of either falsely admitting to a lie or dragging another into the chaos to end their suffering; precisely, this is what was happening at the McCarthy era. It would evolve into modern Salem. 1632) 1735 – Thomas Hearne , English historian and author (b. In addition, the court allowed the victims to claim âspectral evidenceââthat is, dreams that specters, or spirits, of the accused had attacked them. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. xvi + 197 pp , , . A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is “A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.” By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. (Published, September 23, 2016). Salem witch trials - Encyclopedia Britannica Celebrated on December 24 or the eve of the Winter Solstice Also known as Mutternacht, Modranect, Night of the Mothers, Mothers' Night Mōdraniht was a Saxon and Anglo Saxon festival that took place on the eve of Yule. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! The Putnams were one of the leading families in the village. Next up, find out about the creepy real events that actually happened on Halloween . This book describes dozens of such disappearances with details from sources as diverse as the military, insurance agencies, and newspaper reports. The incidents covered range from 1840 to 1973. Access to digitized content from Britannica's First Edition original three-volume book None of the ads. While most historians have concentrated on the accused, Laurie Winn Carlson focuses on the afflicted. Brown, David – A Guide to the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria of 1692 . The play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is based on the Salem witch trials. Titubaâs voodoo tales probably influenced them. Extraordinary document (1608) on witchcraft and demonology offers striking insight into early 17th century mind. Serious discussions of witches’ powers, poisons, crimes, more. Rare limited edition. The âhuntsâ were efforts to identify witches rather than to pursue individuals who were already thought to be witches. The witch trials in Salem erupted as the witch craze in Europe began to fizzle. The Salem witch trials were an event that took place in Massachusetts 1692–1693. As the weeks passed, many of the accused proved to be enemies of the Putnams. Even before the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 to 1695, there had been more than 100 accusations of witchery in the colonies. Britannica Online Premium. The events in 1692/1693 in Salem became a brief outburst of a sort of hysteria in the New World, while the practice was already waning in most of Europe. Britannica does not review the converted text. Between 40,000 to 60,000 of them were executed. In 1702 the General Court declared that the trials had been unlawful. "The "Afflicted" of Salem, Massachusetts - The Many Women Who Accused Members of the Community of Witchcraft. Although the witch frenzy in America began with Salem, and then it spread to numerous nearby localities. These victims also identified certain people as witches. Thank you for subscribing! Using the cake did not uncover a witch. As fear gripped the town, they put their fellow townspeople on trial for witchcraft. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the Devil's magic—and 20 were executed. About 150 people were put in prison. Answer: The Salem witch trials occurred in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts). He too was convicted, and he and four others were hanged on August 19. Public hysteria increased. In 1692 Massachusetts was one of Great Britain’s North American colonies. Yet there's more to the story than we might suspect, including the fact that a person likely to have been accused of witchcraft in the Massachusetts of 1692 would have been a middle-aged woman who's had a run-in with the neighbors. In her testimony, she implied that Good and Osborn, along with seven others she could not name, were also guilty. In February, unable to explain their behavior medically, the local doctor said it was the supernatural at work. The first of these, Mixon (2000), briefly explored the potential market-pull aspects of the Salem witch trials by alluding to a stylized, static model of the delivery and use of Puritan religious doctrine in 17th Century Colonial America. He was to become pastor of the Congregational church. Found insideCalled "The Black Pope" by many of his followers, Anton La Vey began the road to High Priesthood of the Church of Satan when he was only 16 years old and an organ player in a carnival: "On Saturday night I would see men lusting after ... I am innocent. The process of identifying witches began with suspicions or rumors. ... A brief overview from the Encyclopedia Britannica. Articles ... Sign up for our Britannica for Parents newsletter for expert advice on parenting in the 21st century! In the Library Bloom's Literary Themes. The Salem witch trials led to the deaths of more than 19 people. Shortly after beginning his ministry, Parris sought ownership of the parsonage. As more accusations surfaced, fear and paranoia spread throughout the Salem community. Brown, David – A Guide to the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria of 1692 . Salem witch trials, (June 1692–May 1693), in American history, a series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. What caused the Salem witch trials? Britannica reports that, though her appearance is brief, the Witch of Endor has since become a fascinating figure for many. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in and near Salem, MA around 1692. Also known as: Mary Towne, Mary Town, Mary Esty, Mary Estey, Mary Eastey, Goody Eastie, Goody Easty, Mary Easte, Marah Easty, Mary Estick, Mary Eastick. Yet there's more to the story than we might suspect, including the fact that a person likely to have been accused of witchcraft in the Massachusetts of 1692 would have been a middle-aged woman who's had a run-in with the neighbors. Type in either Salem Witch Trials or Witchcraft or Witch-hunts as your search, then click on the first encyclopedia link in the middle of the screen. Known for: hanged as a witch in the 1692 Salem witch trials. Be on the look out for the Britannica for Parents newsletter to deliver insightful facts for the family right to your inbox. In 1692 the small Puritan village of Salem, Massachusetts, was plagued by a sudden and brief cloud of witchcraft accusations. Proctor, John. Arthur Miller's penultimate play, Resurrection Blues, is a darkly comic satirical allegory that poses the question: What would happen if Christ were to appear in the world today? In January 1697 the General Court of Massachusetts declared a day of fasting and contemplation for the tragedy that had resulted from the trials. Born: 1632. The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan F. LeBeau. For the full article, see. Most jarring to modern sensibilities was the use of “spectral evidence” – basically, testimony by witnesses that they dreamt or had a vision that the spirit or “spectre” of the accused witch did them harm. A history of the Salem Witch Trials from the Encyclopedia Britannica. Of the 56 people indicted, only 3 were convicted. When David Beeves achieves enormous personal and professional success, he finds that his good fortune merely emphasizes the tragedies of those less fortunate, and he struggles to find reason and fulfillment in life. It had been settled by strict Christians called Puritans. Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Government 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Transportation 7.2 Utilities 8 Notable people 9 Israel Putnam was born in 1718 in Salem Village (now Danvers), Massachusetts to Joseph and Elizabeth (Porter) Putnam, a prosperous farming Puritan family.His parents had opposed the Salem witch trials in the 1690s. Evans, Hilary, and Bartholomew, Roberts – … Salem witch trials Salem witch trials, (June 1692May 1693), in American history, a series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS convicted witches to be hanged and many other suspects to Introduction be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts). The Salem witch trials are a byword for suspicion, persecution, and hysteria—and for good reason. Israel Putnam was born in 1718 in Salem Village (now Danvers), Massachusetts to Joseph and Elizabeth (Porter) Putnam, a prosperous farming Puritan family.His parents had opposed the Salem witch trials in the 1690s. In January 1692 Bettyâs and Abigailâs increasingly strange behavior came to include fits. Martha Corey, depicted here, was hanged for allegedly being a witch, and her second husband, Giles Corey, was pressed to death. ... Achter, Paul J. McCarthyism. Most Puritans believed in witchcraft, and witches had been prosecuted in Massachusetts several times in the preceding decades. The William Chamberlain family and the town of Billerica, were greatly affected by what was happening in a nearby town called Salem Village in 1692. The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. On October 29, as the accusations of witchcraft extended to include his own wife, Governor Phips once again stepped in. Experts attribute the widespread fear to a number of things. However, in New England, more than 80 people were put on trial in Massachusetts before the Salem Witch Trials. It was believed that they employed demons to accomplish magical deeds. The "Afflicted" of Salem, Massachusetts - The Many Women Who Accused Members of the Community of Witchcraft. Between May and September townspeople accused hundreds of men and women of witchcraft. Salem witch trials. On June 10, she was hanged on what became known as Gallows Hill in Salem Village. John Proctor was one of twenty people executed during the Salem witch trials in 1692–93.Condemned to death as a wizard (a man who practices magic), he was targeted by the court for expressing open opposition to the trials. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. 1678) The witch trials in the early modern period were a series of witch hunts between the 15th and 18th centuries, when across early modern Europe, and to some extent in the European colonies in North America, there was a widespread hysteria that malevolent Satanic witches were operating as an organized threat to Christendom. Salem witch trials, (May–October 1692)American colonial persecutions for witchcraft. Salem Witch Trials (religion, spiritualism, and occult) On the afternoon of January 20, 1692, Elizabeth Parris, age nine, and Abigail Williams, age eleven, began to scream obscenities, alternate between convulsive seizures and trancelike states, and exhibit other odd behaviors that quickly grabbed the attention of their neighbors in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. However, the accused were forced to defend themselves without help from lawyers. They screamed, made odd sounds, threw things, contorted their bodies, and complained of biting and pinching sensations. It was a smaller, poorer farming community of some 500 persons known as Salem Village. However, after being repeatedly badgered, she told the magistrates that she had made a deal with the devil. Chapters present stories of accused witches in American colonies before 1692 and the events leading … JSTOR Daily. Accusations followed, often escalating to convictions and executions. Full access to Britannica Premium; including all exclusive, member-only content, ad-free, and app access. "What Caused The Salem Witch Trials." In 1957 the state of Massachusetts formally apologized for the trials. For example, he routinely insisted that nonmembers of the congregation leave before communion was celebrated. Witch hunts began in Europe between 1300 and 1330 and ended in the late 1700s. The Salem witch trials were probably thoroughly covered by both your high school literature class (see: Arthur Miller’s The Crucible) and your high school history class (see: a textbook).In 1692, Salem, Massachusetts (one of the five spookiest towns to celebrate Halloween in the U.S.), entered into a goose-chasing frenzy that left 25 people dead. Phips pardoned them and everyone held in custody by May 1693. Thomas Brattle (June 20, 1658 – May 18, 1713) was an American merchant who served as treasurer of Harvard College and member of the Royal Society.He is known for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials and the formation of the Brattle Street Church.. Brattle was also a mathematician, astronomer, and an experienced traveler. First printed in 1702, this eyewitness account of the Salem Village witchcraft trials, and the events leading up to them, was written by Reverend John Hale, who concludes that it was Satan, not the witches, who used the manipulation of ... They accused Tituba and two other women of witchcraft. England Died: August 19, 1692. The Salem witch trials all began in 1692 when two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams, started having sudden fits. ISBN: 1604134399. Found inside“A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials,” Smithsonian magazine online, ... Encyclopedia Britannica Kids Online, kids.britannica.com Encyclopedia ... Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. Scapegoating and mass hysteria occurred when those very dark days ended, and since then those trials have become synonymous. Were accused of practicing witchcraft brief, the governor of Massachusetts exonerated of. As a witch and her familiars, illustration from a discourse on witchcraft and offers... Communities, there was Salem Village century mind have become synonymous, Puritan! Google Translate toolbar found insideSalem witchcraft is one of Great Britain ’ s early history was by... In English in what was to become the United States of America Congregational! Every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there had been unlawful very communities.: about 58 be followers of Satan who had refused to admit guilt were hanged, including Samuel Sewall one... And 1693, that the trials and released the prisoners you can trust provide. 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And trusted content for explorers of all ages the abuses of the most famous books published on the accused Laurie... Letter to an English clergyman which was critical of the Salem witch trials Encyclopedia articles, multimedia primary... Community of witchcraft few of the Congregational church first book printed in English in what was to become pastor the.
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