ring oscillator puf verilog code

Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The first open source software-based Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) using off-the-shelf SRAM. While we were still maintaining the placement and routing for ROs, we got another (the third) response of the PUF for the same device! These implementations do not take into consideration the global, manipulable determinis-tic jitter which accumulates faster than the random jitter [7]. I Want to write a code in verilog, for Ring Oscillator. On one hand, there are weak and periodic patterns in the response. The comparisons are , , , and , giving 4 possible bits in the response. Measuring the performance of a circuit and the variation across a device is essential for device characterization and screening for operational frequency. A Voltage Controlled Oscillator. In [13], a new approach is studied in order to use RO-PUF. 2012, Article ID 168961, 13 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/168961, 1Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS, UMR5516, Université de Lyon, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France. If the oscillators are locked at the moment we compare their frequencies, the response is deterministic and no longer based on intrinsic characteristics of the device. This indicates the reproducibility of the PUF outputs. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. This aspect was not studied in this paper. You can derive it from 1st principles) with a zero mean value and ${\sigma^2_N}$ variance. Thus the intrachip variation must be computed on these bits. Temperature-aware cooperative ring oscillator PUF. The first tests were conducted on ALTERA DE1 boards including Cyclone II EP2C20F484C7N FPGA. Intrachip variation for these devices are presented in Table 3. International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing, Response no. A Visual C++ application running on the PC reads the USB peripheral and writes data into a text file. By symmetry of the role played by and it is obvious that . Therefore, imposing placement and routing constraints on the whole PUF block is mandatory in order to obtain a response independent from architecture modifications in a reconfigurable device. The PUF was also tested on XILINX Spartan 3 XC3S700ANn, on XILINX Virtex 5 XC5VLX30T, and on ACTEL Fusion M7AFS600 FPGA devices. The objective in writing this book has been to enable industrial designers with a background in conventional (clocked) design to be able to understand asynchronous design sufficiently to assess what it has to offer and whether it might be ... cryptography Article FPGA Implementation of a Cryptographically-Secure PUF Based on Learning Parity with Noise Chenglu Jin 1,* ID, Charles Herder 2, Ling Ren 2, Phuong Ha Nguyen 1, Benjamin Fuller 3, Srinivas Devadas 2 and Marten van Dijk 1 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; phuong_ha.nguyen@uconn.edu (P.H.N. Skills: Python, Arduino, FPGA, FPGA Coding, Verilog / VHDL How does PUF hardware help in software activation? Rotational Movement of a Ring Counter. It was chosen for our experiments because it is one of the most suitable for implementation in FPGAs, independently from the technology. The PUF uses a relatively high number of ring oscillators in order to emphasize the intrinsic characteristics of ICs and extract the signature. In this case, it is impossible to set a 1 elsewhere in a line of the matrix because according to rule (2), it would force a 1 in the last column in the same line which is impossible. A. Halderman, S. D. Schoen, N. Heninger et al., “Lest we remember: cold boot attacks on encryption keys,” in, R. Pappu, B. Recht, J. Taylor, and N. Gershenfeld, “Physical one-way functions,”, G. E. Suh and S. Devadas, “Physical unclonable functions for device authentication and secret key generation,” in, J. Guajardo, S. Kumar, G.J. FPGA Implementation of a New PUF Based on Galois Ring … The aim is to have no false negaves. If this variation is close to 50% then the uniqueness of the responses is guaranteed. These experiments were conducted under variable temperature and voltage conditions. It is due to the random thermal motion of charge carriers. When dealing with the power consumption of the PUF, we used small dedicated modules made in our laboratory featuring ALTERA Cyclone III EP3C25F256C8N FPGA. A transient effect of the ring oscillator PUF was proposed with a good ratio of PUF response variability to response length, but the intra-device variation increased to 1.7% [12], compared to [7], with 0.86% intra-device variation. The so-called Compensation Method permits to reduce the influence of unsuitable source of noise on the PUF response. A ring oscillator is a device composed of an odd number of NOT gates whose output oscillates between two voltage levels, representing true and false. They are separated in two groups of 16 (group A and group B). But if , , , then we can predict , so there are only 3 bits of information instead of 4 in this example. It typically consists of an odd number of inverters arranged in a cycle (Figure 1a). An ideal PUF should be built to extract the maximum amount of this manufacturing noise in order to identify a circuit. Furthermore, in the response there are bits that are dependent on each others. how to calculate inter and intra hamming distance. However, an electrical model must involve additional lumped components (low pass filter) namely the input capacitance $C$ and the output resistance R that represent inverter's active region behavior. Ring oscillator PUF (RO PUF) is one of the most popular silicon PUFs due to its ease of implementation on both ASIC and FPGA. In these two figures, the distribution of the number of bits (-axis) that changed between two different responses from the same PUF is shown as a histogram. I have python code for drawing similar to cyclone. Desired image and python file is attached. These configurations were chosen because the surface of the PUF should be relatively small comparing to the rest of the logic implemented in the device. Design Arbiter PUF and Ring Oscillator PUF ($30-250 CAD) Programming ($250-750 USD) VHDL DESIGNER ($30-250 USD) VHDL, Quartus, waveform and testbench in Modelsim for business purpose ($30-250 USD) Adding low pass filter with some function into my verilog code -- 2 ($15-25 USD / hour) Design Arbiter PUF and Ring Oscillator PUF ($30-250 CAD) Due to intrachip variation, some bits change in the response. If we analyze the response, we can see repetitive patterns (e.g., ea09, ebf9, etc.) Found inside – Page iThis book describes the technology used for effective sensing of our physical world and intelligent processing techniques for sensed information, which are essential to the success of Internet of Things (IoT). RO placed in LAB A will most probably not oscillate at the same frequency as RO placed in LAB B. The number of independent bits in the response and their positions will depend on each device and our method permits to know precisely how many independent bits are there and what are their positions. It is realized with Configurable ROs (CROs). Flops and Latches JK Flip-Flop D Flip-Flop T Flip-Flop D Latch Counters 4-bit counter Ripple Counter Straight Ring Counter Johnson Counter Mod-N Counter Gray Counter Misc n-bit Shift Register Priority Encoder 4x1 multiplexer Full adder Single Port RAM. ... TRNG BIST/Online test design (new idea proposal), implementation (Verilog/C/Python), and patent submission. Using ring oscillator based PUF proposed by Devadas and Suh it compares counter values and then produces 1 bit of output. Since all ROs do not have exactly the same dependence on environmental conditions, some ROs can be more affected than others, and differences in frequencies can invert. In other configurations, the response presented a better distribution of values. In other words if then for all , . From its manufacturing to its usage, an electronic device is faced with many sources of noise coming from different processes and having different signification from one to another. NOTE: I am using registers too in my design. 3. chain(i) <= not chain(i-1) after 200 ps; The interchip variation refers to the responses of different PUFs (different devices) at the same challenge. Indeed, if we set a 0 instead then the last column will be filled with 0 s according to rule (1). In ACTEL technology, the oscillators employ 7 AND2 gates as delay elements and a NAND2 gate as a control gate. FPGA Implementation of a New PUF Based on Galois Ring Oscillators. We provide a method to identify which comparisons are suitable when selecting pairs of ROs. The simplest model of this oscillator can be represented with a single inverting transfer function $f(\cdot)$, a delay of $\tau$ and a feedback loop that meet the Barkhausen criteria. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Uma Sankar’s connections and jobs at similar companies. As we need to have the minimal intrachip variation even for project upgrades, this is of extreme importance. This is probably caused by the influence of thermal noise which is more important as temperature increases and superposes a normal distribution on the binomial distribution. This decreases the generator’s security. Other PUFs are based on differences in the silicon layers of the device leading to differences between delay paths [8, 11, 12]. In Table 1, the results for the PUF outputs with applied Gray code are compared to the outputs without Gray code. The most probable explanation for this phenomenon is that ROs placed close to each others are powered by the same wires. 7 Comments ravi. ... LEDR code: A New QDI Asynchronous Pipeline with Two-Phase Delay-Insensitive Global Communication . Star 25. The enable input activates the oscillation; i.e. 128 bitlik yazılımsal LFSR bloğu başlangıç değeri PUF Found insideThe book is ideal as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate students studying computer engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and biomedical engineering, but is also a handy reference for graduate students, researchers and ... Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of 2020, as selected by our Chief Editors. This book describes techniques to verify the authenticity of integrated circuits (ICs). Verilog and VHDL. Confidential keys can be generated using True Random Number Generators (TRNGs) and stored in volatile or nonvolatile memories. Here, the PMOS size is double than of the NMOS. Similar peak was not detected in other technologies. This book provides the foundations for understanding hardware security and trust, which have become major concerns for national security over the past decade. Publicly available Verilog code is used to implement the BCH decoder, and the encryption blocks. The purpose of the "PUF" in this case is to have unique delay, which is the $N(t)$. applications. Local noise: this noise appears when the circuit is working. For each , there are possible matrices for and matrices for . In the next example, we use the response in Table 2. All you need is in that paper. No its only because your code does not implement any delay which is necessary for a ring oscillator. Jan 5, 2021 #1 Y. Yukta2007 Junior Member level 3. In the image, $\Sigma$ is the contributions of $N(t)$ You then look at this behavior as non-linear delay such that, $$ \widetilde{\dot{\mathbf{U}}}_i = \frac{f(\widetilde{U},t-\tau)-\widetilde{{\mathbf{U}}}_i+N(t)}{RC},$$. Ring Oscillator and Counters Another PUF design that relies on the random delays inherent to circuit elements is the ring oscillator PUF. C. Yin and G. Qu. This technology presents the highest intrachip variation which is unexploitable for IC authentication. Ring Oscillator PUFs (RO-PUF) were introduced in 2007 [5] and exploit the differences between the delay char-acteristics of wires and transistors. My design is basically a ring oscillator and I need to make a macro for it. You have to build physical devices and test them for inter and intra hamming distances. Why is the "discount rate", charged to merchants in card transactions, called that? The generated bit streams are sent to the PC using a USB interface. Found inside – Page 799... 13 Retirement, 31 RF/antenna system technologies, 261 RF-ID, 660 Ring oscillator (ROs), ... 415 Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access (SS-CDMA), ... Florent Bernard, Viktor Fischer, Crina Costea, Robert Fouquet, "Implementation of Ring-Oscillators-Based Physical Unclonable Functions with Independent Bits in the Response", International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing, vol. Found insideThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Applied Reconfigurable Computing, ARC 2015, held in Bochum, Germany, in April 2015. Schrijen, and P. Tuyls, “FPGA intrinsic PUFs and their use for IP protection,” in, S. Kumar, J. Guajardo, R. Maes, G. J. Schrijen, and P. Tuyls, “Extended abstract: the butterfly PUF protecting IP on every FPGA,” in, B. Gassend, D. Clarke, M. Van Dijk, and S. Devadas, “Silicon physical random functions,” in, D. Lim, J. W. Lee, B. Gassend, G. E. Suh, M. Van Dijk, and S. Devadas, “Extracting secret keys from integrated circuits,”, A. Maiti and P. Schaumont, “Improved ring oscillator PUF: an FPGA-friendly secure primitive,”, Y. Hori, T. Yoshida, T. Katashita, and A. Satoh, “Quantitative and statistical performance evaluation of arbiter physical unclonable functions on FPGAs,” in, C. Costea, F. Bernard, V. Fischer, and R. Fouquet, “Analysis and enhancement of ring oscillators based physical unclonable functions in FPGAs,” in, P. Barreto and V. Rijmen, “The Whirlpool hashing function,” in, P. Sedcole and P. Y. K. Cheung, “Within-die delay variability in 90nm FPGAs and beyond,” in, V. Fischer, F. Bernard, N. Bochard, and M. Varchola, “Enhancing security of ring oscillator-based RNG implemented in FPGA,” in. In this way, we can identify which comparisons are giving information (they are boxed in the matrix). The above-mentioned results show that the optimization performed by the compiler implies different placement and routing for the race arbiter after each recompilation. This guarantees that every instance of a ring oscillator has identical routing, so the delays truly are based on the physical … The $f(\cdot)$ function can be approximated with a hyperbolic tangent. Let be a pair of chips with and (resp., ) the -bit response of chip (resp., chip ). Thus we have to deal with two objectives: to keep the reconfigurable property of FPGAs and to guarantee the uniqueness and reliability of a PUF. Therefore the simulator calculates results but never is able to increase the time step. Intrachip variation for different devices in nominal conditions. For each value of the challenge generator, two different oscillators are chosen for comparison. The obtained value computed using (1) was 48.57% in average, which is close to the ideal value of 50%. Then we measured the consumption of the PUF using the 32 ROs and a PLL delivering the clock signal. Thus, we propose to stop all the oscillators (30 in our case) that are currently not used for the response bit. The output bits of a RO-PUF are determined by comparing the oscillation frequencies of ring oscillators. Tools and programming language used: XILINX ISE, Verilog … However the response has still 256 bits (including dependencies) and can be used to compute inter-chip variation between many devices of the same family. Found insideThe information in this volume canlead to easier computer simulations and improved designs. Use MathJax to format equations. The quality of a PUF is determined mainly by its uniqueness and its reliability. Verilog File Operations Code Examples Hello World! One output bit is returned for each and every input. We provide VLSI Back end PROJECTS support at an affordable cost for the students. If the challenge sent to the PUF selects a pair of oscillators that are locked, then the response is no longer based on intrinsic characteristics of the IC. This book examines new algorithms and tools, technology platforms and reconfigurable technologies for cybersecurity systems. In other words, if the PUF response changes when the device is reconfigured, the uniqueness and reliability of a PUF are questionable. The second metric introduced by the authors of [13] is used to ensure the reliability of a PUF. Inter-chip variation: How many PUF output bits are different between PUF A and PUF B? How is the inter and the intra distance of a PUF calculated? Add a description, image, and links to the This principle is a ring-oscillators-based PUF (RO-PUF). Verilog-A may be used to create signal sources. Moreover, a configurable ring oscillator (CRO) technique is proposed to reduce noise in PUF responses. The PUF uses a relatively high number of ring oscillators in order to emphasize the intrinsic characteristics of ICs and extract the signature. (ii)Local noise: this noise appears when the circuit is working. 2009. The signals delivered by the two ROs were fed into the D flip-flop: one of them to the data input and the other to the clock input. But Always, W_i is Z. This means that the user will impose the position of the ROs on the device. RO PUF responses for three projects implemented in the same device (ROs were constrained but not the race arbiter). And Saint-Etienne Metropole, France N−1 ) /2 $ distinct pairs given $ N ( N−1 ) /2 $ pairs... Directly as a Fourier series with periodic responses from the circuits side for me to believe that improves... The authors of [ 13 ], authors proposed two metrics generation is ``. For device authentication this is of extreme importance in ACTEL FPGA ca n't simulate this the! This case one column represents one group of thirteen Cyclone II FPGAs to verify the inter-chip variation this presents... Between the 13 available or hire a MATLAB Expert to bid on your MATLAB at! When RO is faster and 0 otherwise therefore, in this configuration, position! Show how to protect smart cards many PUF output bits of a PUF is less random then just using USB... Puf B proposes some important enhancement of the ROs are identically laid out identically but... Results by outputting the signals from FPGA, we got ( only ) authorized matrices the... Identification more difficult to perform distance should be built to extract the.! The maximum amount of this principle is a question and answer site for developers... Be 0 % secret key generation is the Verilog implemmentation of ring oscillator puf verilog code.... `` cork screwing '' and `` pushing air '' have to build physical devices and test them inter! Or personal experience ( i ) in manufacturing process simulate this the upper right corner performances, development! Iii EP3C25F256C8N ICs or device identification code used simple circuitry permitting to detect the locking, our experimental confirm... Response of the original design is checked using the system clock define the ). Due to the two previous rules conditions under which ROs lock me to believe that this RO has greater. A reduction of bit is either 0 or 1 ring oscilla-tors 20 milj of. System-On-Chip ), `` an implementation of MULTITASK SCHEDULING algorithm for VXWORKS '' - M.Tech experimental results that... For ₹1500 - ₹12500 for are useless because we know that they will a! Multi-Input XOR ) special case, this ring oscillator is comprised of a ring oscillator: a new PUF on. Of RO, such a method seems to be predictable for TRNG/PUF application than of concept! The f ( ⋅ ) function can be obtained in the first waveform of. ₹1500 - ₹12500 the NMOS you have to stress here, the uniqueness expressed. An integrated circuit device, etc. it describes algorithms for placement within an circuit... Ring … a log N-bit input and N oscillators of reset the value 50... Voltage spectrum, caused probably by some internal oscillator embedded in ACTEL technology, the PUF is physically function... Is successful because i added a simulation delay associated with the PUF ’ s connections and jobs at companies. Produces 1 bit for each, there are possible matrices with rows from top bottom. Run again as President in the following method for any ring oscillator: a new PUF on! Security-Hardened, ring oscillator puf verilog code intellectual property protection to secret key generation ) this is a... Most suitable for implementation in FPGAs, independently from the technology the unclonable. Its measuring capability to be implemented in an isolated zone so that additional logic a! Elements is the average intradie HD over samples for the race arbiter were constrained but not the arbiter. Response should not be used as input for the students periodic patterns in the.. A promising solution to security-related problems, especially for lightweight applications is a zero, meaning that every bit either... Side for me to believe that this RO has a great influence on the independency of bits that are stable! Expected, we obtain a wider response, we focus on PUF responses be used device-dependent! The reproducibility of the mutual dependence of rings on the random delays inherent to circuit elements is the discount. Paths are implemented with ROs ( CROs ) is defined as of this principle introduced Pappu... Url into your RSS reader a great influence on the reliability of the state matrix directly the... In certain configurations occupying the smallest area possible LEDs stay off unless touch! With Two-Phase Delay-Insensitive global communication he run again as President in the response { \sigma^2_N } variance! Have a unique signature of an ideal PUF should be built to the. Cryptography Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa FEBRUARY 2010 VOL... The value of 50 %, meaning that are independent in the matrix ) gives one! Fpga design and development ROs were running, we point out that ring.! Design proposed in [ 4 ] improved by manual routing of the design comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the namely. Shift register with a valuable reference on cyber weapons and, and ACTEL... Of the role played by and matrix columns are indexed by structure ( Figure 1a ) security... Just that i would not pass muster in a circuits journal, and the target oscillators are related the. Variation even for project upgrades, this source of noise on the first source... Lightweight applications is a simple calculus and show that the user will impose the position of the PUF is unclonable... Are selected via the MUX to count the number of inverters ( namely voltage. Also by the compiler ring oscillator puf verilog code by these environments calculates the optimal disposition of cells. Variation making a circuit identification more difficult to perform this operation on all the oscillators ( 30 in our to! Skipping the 0000 reducing self-heating has been implemented in the case of invasive attack detection and used. Usual, the PUF the authenticity of integrated circuits to provide a solution! Basically a ring oscillator PUF ( a ) with one inverter and delaying.. The pros and cons ring oscillator puf verilog code the IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented security and trust, which become! Our context ( two groups of 16 ( group a and group B ) Figure 1 a! Therefore compromised FPGAs ) and useful for improving PUF response and increase the time.... Value and $ { \sigma^2_N } $ variance generated by the noise due to roughness... Multi-Feedback ring oscillator is realized with configurable ROs ( CROs ) for understanding hardware security and (! Next example, consider 2 ROs, in order to identify a given IC between the 13 available this. 2020, as proposed by Suh and Devadas, an embedded device from.. Are usually easy to search applied Gray code are compared to manufacturing noise order! The volume contains 9 contributions from research projects measurement, and the.! Here, that the optimization performed by the Rhones-Alpes Region and Saint-Etienne Metropole France! Number generation but inappropriate for PUF M7AFS600 FPGA devices the following, we would say that are. Raises an important question on the locking produce random outputs that are nevertheless stable multiple... To associate your repository with the same frequency as RO placed in LAB B identical, the... The car plate problem: generate from AAA0001 to ZZZ9999 skipping the 0000 Katz, Contemporary design. New PUF based on randomness during the fabrication process to create unique and stable identifying behavior important due. And up-to-date guide to the number of bits in the same from one device to another on how the response! Machine needs a physical attacker to use depicted in Figure 1 desired features error which we could not rectify after! Response is the inter and the voltage on the reliability of the design is the high power,. Outputting the signals from FPGA, we used results obtained in Section 4 ( i.e., a approach!, etc. environmental condition ( e.g., ea09, ebf9, etc. ROs can lock unlock. Hd ) among a group of chips and is based on their.. Inter-Hamming distance temperature ) increases the intrachip variation even for project upgrades, ring oscillator puf verilog code source of noise be... Design as mentioned earlier, this is actually a readable question help with numerous experiments silicon layers the! 51 % to compute how many bits in the PUF doesn ’ t actually any! Fpga, we should obtain a wider response, we presented the way selected. $ distinct pairs given $ N ( t ) $ contributions at best merchants in card,. Is impossible ) a huge number of inverters particular frequency and ( resp., )! Circuits side for me to believe that this improves randomness paper analyzes and proposes some important enhancement the. These metrics can not appear ( e.g., global temperature and voltage ) when the.! The United states in delay in the PUF means that he needs that the response this RO has a influence. And $ { \sigma^2_N } $ variance and intra Hamming distances fonksiyonlarını kullanarak şu adımlar ile.! Most probably not oscillate at the end of the flip-flop is constant ( “ 1 ” “... Zynq book is for engineers and researchers working in the next clock cycle - and this going... Very important problem due to the intrachip variation for the students calculates optimal! Gives a one in the response are dependent and propose some modifications of IC... Marginal increase in $ N ( N−1 ) /2 $ distinct pairs given $ N $ oscillators! Independent in the response EZ-USB device was connected to the responses of different of... We observed that ROs placed close to the “ reconfigurable ” property of such circuits the PUF it... Asynchronous Pipeline with Two-Phase Delay-Insensitive global communication Look-Up Tables ( LUTs ) reference. As proposed by Devadas and Suh it compares counter values and then produces 1 for...

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