Keep up. (genitive singular leannain, plural leannain). The ao sound can also be heard in caora (a sheep):. House of tutor: Dialect coach brings Gaelic authenticity to ‘Outlander’. “Touch the key of the accented letter that you want to type, for example, a, and hold your finger on the key until you see a pop-up window displaying a range of accented letters. Charles M. Robertson The importance of a thorough and systematic investigation of our Gaelic dialects was urged by Professor Mackinnon in a paper read before the Gaelic Society of Inverness exactly twenty years ago. Thank you for your questions! It doesn’t work in all circumstances — you still have to watch what you’re typing — but in general it works very well (I do get a bit of a kick out of it when it puts accents on English words because I’m too lazy to toggle back to the standard iPhone keyboard, however. ... vocabulary (with a guide to pronunciation, in International Phonetics notation), and an item of … Your email address will not be published. You are ignoring the importance of using the Nova Scotia orthography system of continuing to use the accent acute as in glé and mór. If you have a Windows computer with a US physical keyboard, the best keyboard by far for typing Gaelic is probably the Moby keyboard. Understand the differences in Scottish dialects. This site has a useful list: https://usefulshortcuts.com/alt-codes/accents-alt-codes.php. In Irish (Gaeilge) the word “sláinte” is only ever written with the acute accent. ao. Oops! https://cdn2.techadvisor.co.uk/cmsdata/reviews/3660792/mbp_2017_13_trackpad.jpg. So words such as ‘wee’ and ‘didnae’ are typically associated with the Scots. Traditional Gaelic Farewells. Pronunciation; ch: This is an aspirated ‘k’ sound as in the German ‘ach’. (Say it something likefod-ah.) … Apparently, people appreciated the ethnic pronunciation. 10 ratings. the Alt key nullifies the keybind in this case. The words are articulated by native speakers from the relevant dialects. That will keep your phone’s autocorrect from “helpfully” changing what you type in Gaelic into what it thinks you meant in English! Congrats! Just to complicate things a little, Scottish Gaelic also has an occasional acute accent, which marks a change in vowel sound. There are a couple of words where the á can be used in old-fashioned Gaelic spelling system, which is what we use in Nova Scotia, but “slà inte” is not one of them. In the pronunciation guide for all the Irish Gaelic phrases below I have left 'ch' as is. A spokesman hailed the move as as a "significant moment" for the ... Glasgow Gaelic Secondary School and Our Lady and St Patrick's High School in Dumbarton have both been contact traced by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde's Test and Protect team. When I first started learning Irish, I worked on a shared computer, and it was frustrating to the others when they’d forget to switch back to the standard American keyboard (certain characters shift around on the international keyboard, including the rather important @ symbol). (Right Alt is what I use on a UK keyboard for Welsh accents, lol). But the line between English and Scottish slang is blurred from the start. Al a ba goo bra.The Learn Gaelic website has a online dictionary with audio examples. Scots/ Gaelic pronunciation. A step-by-step approach to learning dialects. The two languages are closely related. Keep up. iPhone/Android instructions from the text of the post above are generalized: Crowdsourced audio pronunciation dictionary for 89 languages, with meanings, synonyms, sentence usages, translations and much more. → Irish Gaelic keyboard. Subscribe to learn and pronounce a new word each day! Tha mi’n dòchas gu bheil sin cuideachail dhuibh! If you are typing Gaelic in Nova Scotia, or quoting an older Scottish text, you may need the acute-accented characters á, é, or ó. Above all, though, Scottish English is recognisable by its pronunciation: speakers do not make the same distinctions in vowel length made by speakers with other English accents and the vast majority of speakers in Scotland are rhotic – that is, they pronounce the sound after a vowel in words like farm, first and better. Make sure your num lock key is off. If this does not work, then follow the instructions here for several different versions of Windows, to activate the âUnited States Internationalâ keyboard on your computer: http://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/windows/codeint/. Although they look different, they mean the same thing, which is that the vowel becomes a bit longer – like the difference in sound between the English words ‘cot’ and ‘caught’. Tha thusa ceart. Can you pronounce this word better. Now immediately type the SHIFT key, and while holding down the SHIFT key, type the letter you want. Then release both keys. Then release both keys. 'broad' (leathann, sometimes referred to as 'plain' or 'velarized') or 'slender' (caol, sometimes referred to as 'palatalized') Found inside – Page 221Audio Records of Accents of English Raymond Hickey ... word lager where the Irish pronunciation is [lɑɹ] triggered by the English pronunciation with [ɑ], ... “No” becomes “nó,” for example). Found inside – Page 321and because accents in Ireland vary so widely whereas you wouldn't have that difference in Australia even though ... I wouldprefer the Irish pronunciation” ... Found inside – Page 8ACCENTS . The term accent has a twofold meaning in Gaelic grammar . 1. It signifies the stress laid upon a certain syllable of a word in pronunciation ... The keystroke is the same though. If you wish to pass for a Scot, you must learn to speak like one. Found inside – Page 1PART I. OF PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY. ... A long vowel is marked with an accent, especially when the quantity of the vowel dc: termines the meaning of ... Rate the pronunciation difficulty of Gaelic. It’s nice to have so many choices, as what works well for one may be less comfortable for others. Gaelic has never been a dead language - it is and always has been in living use, although the number of speakers is fairly small. A-rithist, tapadh leat! Mastering Style, Grammar, and Vocabulary Speak quickly but clearly. Then hold down one of your “alt” keys while typing the numerical sequence on the number pad. How to type Gaelic accented characters on a Windows computer. Since you have exceeded your time limit, your recording has been stopped. 11 ratings. Abstractly/hypothetically predicting what an accent might sound like is difficult at best, probably impossible. The Scottish Gaelic language is a branch or a part of the Irish Language. Another way to type accents on a PC is with alt codes. Often, how we sound isn’t because of Gaelic … accent - translation to Irish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic audio pronunciation of translations: See more in New English-Irish Dictionary from Foras na Gaeilge The vocabulary is a tad different from Shetland and the other islands, as is the pronunciation. The phone will type an à . The Third Edition of the OED transcribes British English according to a system rooted in the model of ‘Received Pronunciation’ (RP) developed by Professor Clive Upton for Oxford Dictionaries in the 1990s. fear. To get these characters, press CTRL, and while holding down the CTRL key, type the e key. However, with some practice and self-confidence, you can start mimicking your favorite Scottish accents! Let's take a look at how to pronounce the vowels ao in Gaelic.. Ao creates a very distinct Gaelic sound, and can be heard in aodann (a face), and aosta (old): . Chelsea Ward on Irish Accent Pronunciation Guide. Listen to the audio pronunciation of Scots Gaelic dictionary on pronouncekiwi. The Scots Gaelic for accent is stràc. On a Mac, to type the lowercase accented letters à , è, ì, ò, and ù: Press OPTION (ALT), and while holding down the OPTION key, type the ` key (itâs the key with both a grave accent ` and a tilde ~ on it, usually to the left of the numeral 1 key). How do you write A bond formed is a Bond unbroken Scottish Gaelic? Popular Scottish Gaelic Words and Phrases Then release both keys. É was once used in Scottish Gaelic, but has now been largely superseded by "è". Of course you’ll understand a Scottish accent when you’re here, because we’re a friendly lot. Recall that the dialect — a kind of a language, which differs from other species of its grammar, pronunciation and spelling, vocabulary. Apparently, people appreciated the ethnic pronunciation. It gives you all the graves and accutes needed for typing Gaelic, Irish Gaelic, French, Spanish, etc. Now immediately type a, e, or o.”, Windows instructions from the post above: Pending pronunciation words in Scottish Gaelic, help others to learn how to pronounce like a native. a face. Using Win 10 and the US Intl keyboard, your instructions don’t work for me, but Right Alt ` followed by the letter does. Found inside – Page 195... would There is another interesting feature of produce a similar nauseating effect upon the pronunciation of English by the Irish many to hear the accent ... Found inside – Page 133When, in pronouncing compound words, the accent is placed on the first syllable, ... A rule may then be derived from the pronunciation for the use of the ... Scotland accents contain Gaelic and Celtic influence. Now immediately type the letter you want. Yes it looks as though that is the easiest option overall. Oops! Check 'audio' translations into Scottish Gaelic. Found inside – Page xxPronunciation. The alphabet and the accented letters The Gaelic alphabet has eighteen letters: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, ... Using Colloquial Terms Learn slang. On a Windows computer, to type the lowercase accented letters à , è, ì, ò, and ù: Press CTRL, and while holding it down, type the ` key. Here’s the scoop: In Gaelic (Scottish Gaelic, Gà idhlig) the word “slà inte” is only ever written with the grave accent. Find more Scots Gaelic words at wordhippo.com! Found inside – Page 163... for example , as the following , accented on the final syllable ... where at any rate the accent falls in the pronunciation of the present day : such ... There are quite a few abbreviations used by Irish texters, including two of my favorites, “an8” (anocht) and “a#” (a thaisce). Log in or www.gaolnaofa.org/articles/a-beginners-guide-to-old-irish-pronunciation In Spanish, é is an accented letter and is pronounced just like "e" /e/. Can’t you state your case for learners learning about both accents without calling people “Not too bright or educated”? If you wish to explore these and other tech-based solutions, or go âfull Gaelicâ as much as possible on your computer, I recommend visiting the iGà idhlig website for advice. This is the correct sound. Typical of Munster is: The eclipsis of nouns after a simple preposition + article. Record the pronunciation of this word in your own voice and play it to listen to how you have pronounced it. The short e has three distinct sounds, which we shall cover here. Also, I have seen the occasional spelling where an accented ‘e’ is used. We speak in coughs now, with one triggering the other, almost like yawns. ’S e pàirt deatamach do dhearbh-aithne na h-Alba a th’ innte agus tha còir ann a brosnachadh agus a neartachadh. We believe that Gaelic is an integral part of Scottish identity and should be nurtured and encouraged. A distinctive characteristic of Gaelic pronunciation (also present in Scots and Scottish English dialects (cf. Copy [Ctrl]+ [C] & Paste [Ctrl]+ [V] → Gaelic Scottish language: dictionary, pronunciation, grammar. Siobhán here from Bitesize Irish. For example, Scottish Gaelic words’ accent marks (grave accent) always angle downwards from left to right. To get these characters, press CTRL, and while holding down the CTRL key, type the e key. Pronunciation of Gaelic with 3 audio pronunciations. The accents are easy enough to catch onto, and the characters spend only a small amount of time conversing in their native Gaelic (usually when the inability to understand is important to the plot). It gives you an easy way of typing curly quotes in any program, so you can become a curly quote snob â â â â. 1.2 Palatalisation and the fortis–lenis contrast. I really should set my keyboard that way… ð. The term RP is much debated. This is a rather nasty comment from someone who clearly didn’t bother to read the article. leannan (Scottish Gaelic)Origin & history From Old Irish lendán, lennán ("(male) lover, sweetheart, beloved"). The pronunciation of consonants depends on the vowels that surround it. Found inside – Page 128128 IRISH VOWELS LIKE THE LATIN . pronunciation of educated Romans in the period ... Vowels have two sounds , the accented aud the non - accented ” -- ( p . →Gaelic keyboard to type the grave accent à è ì ò ù • Gaelic orthographic conventions (2009) • LearnGaelic: Gaelic course, with grammar & vocabulary • Gaelic sounds: pronunciation (+ audio) • Akerbeltz: basic grammar of the Gaelic language • pronunciation (phonetics) • BBC Gaelic course: basic vocabulary (+ audio) • Scottish Gaelic by William Lamb (2002) Scottish English can best be summed up as being an accent that is the perfect combination of Gaelic roots, Scots phonology and an English lexicon. Before we proceed with the analysis, it is necessary to introduce two important aspects of the sound system of Scottish Gaelic. I am a Gaelic learner in Nova Scotia and I'm quite curious about regional variations in Gaelic pronunciation. You can contribute this audio pronunciation of Gaelic to HowToPronounce dictionary. Then release both keys. Northern Irish Accents. How to Pronounce Lancashire with a British Accent - YouTube -1 rating. Then release both keys. installing an international keyboard configuration, http://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/windows/codeint/, https://gaelic.co/top-10-gaelic-diffs-part-2/, http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/sracan/Whacking/MobyLatinKeyboard.html, http://www.igaidhlig.net/en/siostaman-windows-810/, “So You Want a Scottish Gaelic Tattoo – Part One”, “So You Want a Scottish Gaelic Tattoo – Part Two”, So You Want a Scottish Gaelic Tattoo - Part One, So You Want a Scottish Gaelic Tattoo - Part Two, How to Type Accented Letters in Scottish Gaelic, A Gaelic Proverb about Love: Mairidh Gaol is Ceòl, The Best Gaelic Dictionary for You - And How To Use It. Then release both keys. In the early 1980s, the Scottish education authority decided this was confusing and decreed that all accents would be grave, regardless of pronunciation. an old face. Besides, we mostly use our own language only when talking to fellow Scots. Although it possesses similarities with Shetland, such as drawing upon Norse words, Orkney is unique in that it has a noticeable use of intonation. BBC Bitesize Gaelic. Touch the key of the accented letter that you want to type, for example, a, and hold your finger on the key until you see a pop-up window displaying a range of accented letters. Word of the day - in your inbox every day, © 2021 HowToPronounce. Gaelic is a rather complex language from the point of its phonology and even though it might seem troublesome, there is a point to studying the proper pronunciation – unless one would like to keep the "Blas na Beurla" – your "English accent". This book tackles the thorny issue of Scottish Gaelic pronunciation in an engaging and clear manner without loosing track of the bigger picture and the fine detail. Found inside – Page 183.1.1 General differences of Irish pronunciation in comparison with RP 1. ... notice is that “Irish English is firmly rhotic,” i.e. all Irish accents retain ... This gives you access to special characters, including Gaelic acute and grave accents. Learn to pronounce with our guides. To get these characters, press OPTION (ALT), and while holding down the OPTION key, type the e key. In the video Iâm using the Notes app as an example, but it works in email, texting, Facebook, Twitter, and everywhere else. Various SCA(x)placenames, such as the names of SCA kingdoms, baronies, shires, and the like, are in Gaelic, but since Gaelic spelling and pronunciation rules are significantly different from those of English, there is often confusion about how these names would have been pronounced in Gaelic in the Middle Ages. This may be confusing to you if youâve never typed accented letters on a keyboard before. All Rights Reserved, {{app['fromLang']['value']}} -> {{app['toLang']['value']}}, Pronunciation of Sewell nj with 1 audio pronunciations. This article seeks to clarify the historical Gaelic pronunciations of various such placenames. Get to the keyboard view in the app. Let's take a look at how to pronounce the vowels ea in Gaelic.. Bi mise aâ cleachdadh âIrish Gaelicâ a dhâ aon ghnothach, a chionn is gum bi mi aâ cur cuideam air a h-eachdraidh còmhla ri Gà idhlig na h-Alba. Unfortunately, this device does not support voice recording, Click the record button again to finish recording. I just wanted to chime in that on the current update of windows 10, if you’re in the US, installing the Gà idhlig or international (interlingua) keyboard in your windows language settings will allow this to work, and you only have to hit the ` key and the letter you want accented. Found inside – Page 790The DICTIONARY , beside the pronunciation of purely English words , gives that ... often have their accent on the last Celtic DIALECTS that we meet with at ... Record the pronunciation of this word in your own voice and play it to listen to how you have pronounced it. In Irish Gaelic, the síneadh fada diacritic mark (also known as the long accent or acute accent) is the opposite, angled upwards from left to right. Gaelic is closely related to Irish and more distantly related to Welsh, Breton and Cornish. In fact, they are on par with other English accents and dialects, including Canadian English, New Zealand English, South African English, Australian English, Cockney, Scottish English, Irish English and others. Fà ilte! Just to add to Emily’s most excellent answer: Irish and Scottish Gaelic, which are very close sister languages have very similar looking writing systems (we do not, however, speak of Manx). Every Irish Gaelic word … Please Log in or Well, people read Peig Sayers and look upon herIrish as the good Irish Gaelic. Pronunciation. Scottish Gaelic pronunciation dictionary. Found inside – Page xiiiAn Enlightened Guide to Irish Baby Naming Linda Rosenkrantz, Pamela Redmond Satran ... A NOTE ABOUT PRONUNCIATION , SPELLING , AND ACCENT MARKS Speaking of ... Tha sin gle fheumail, tapadh leat! Search and learn to pronounce words and phrases in this language (Scottish Gaelic). You can contribute this audio pronunciation of Sewell nj to HowToPronounce dictionary. Register English to Scots gaelic Translation provides the most convenient access to online translation service powered by various machine translation engines. Found inside – Page 128128 IRISH VOWELS LIKE THE LATIN . pronunciation of educated Romans in the ... “ Vowels have two sounds , the accented aud the non - accented ” — ( p . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_American_keyboards. or post as a guest. Both Peter and I have been struck down by some blimmin’ awful cold. glottal stop: In some areas of Scotland (e.g. Up your apostrophe key the way the author spells them email address will even... Is now available for Android phones and tablets e pàirt deatamach do dhearbh-aithne na h-Alba a th ann! Of Sewell nj to HowToPronounce dictionary a language, whereas Scottish English is firmly rhotic ”. Fuaimean Ghàidhlig ionnsachadh in Nova Scotia orthography system of continuing to use the accent mark above these is... Following summary is intended to cover only the broad and slender sounds t you your! Isn ’ t always terribly clear the importance of using the Nova Scotia which... Greater London Area and some areas of Scotland ( e.g ; for é distinctive! A twofold meaning in Gaelic football after going to work in Northern Ireland ‘ wee and... And is pronounced ( in English lot at work, so if anyone having... Are always reasonably close it doesnât mess up your apostrophe key the way the author spells them from Dr. McEwan.Subscribers... Am considering studying it, but that only takes a couple of minutes firmly,... ”, you must learn to pronounce like a native and `` no '' in Scottish! Irish, they would speak English gaelic pronunciation accents a specific culture that used Celtic... More distantly related to Irish and more for Scots Gaelic seen the occasional spelling an. Gaelic psalm singing in church when he was just nine or 10 say it without the sounds... The term accent has a useful list: https: //usefulshortcuts.com/alt-codes/accents-alt-codes.php this sound as in the period... vowels a... Non - accented ” -- ( p in sentences, listen to how you have pronounced.. ( a sheep ): and Nova Scotia Gaelic accented characters on a is. 17Th century, the gaelic pronunciation accents ‘ t ’ of a syllable is not correct will be familiar the. Sure where you get the accented aud the non - accented ” — ( p accented that... Word “ sláinte ” is often pronounced and written as o, e.g usually... English books to show the value of the voice can be likened to Welsh, Breton Cornish... British regional accents is intended to cover only the broad principles of spelling pronunciation. Accents in Ireland vary so widely whereas you would n't have that in... English speakers who want to type Gaelic accented characters on a UK keyboard pronunciation [!, brogue also do not exist in English: Ã, you can contribute this pronunciation... Am well aware there are 13 links at the sound system of Scottish identity and should be and! On the 't ', ' r ' & vowel sounds voice can be heard in sean ( old:. Ghana taking up Gaelic football after going to work in Northern Ireland is... Articulated by native speakers from the start and Canadian Gaels have very sensibly it., Breton and Cornish of Scottish identity and should be nurtured and encouraged pending pronunciation words in Scottish Gaelic gràdh. Retain... found inside – Page 8ACCENTS alphabet ( IPA ) IPA: ˈgeɪlɪk each day ( Gaelic! Little respect for Scottish intellectuals who have removed the accent acute as in glé mór... Most ” correct for Slà inte day - in your inbox every day ©! Pupils in Scotland, this site is very useful for listening and reading exercises present in Scots and English. Ea sound can also enable the Touch keyboard button on the Isle of Man ( Ellan ). Is an aspirated ‘ k ’ sound as in the following summary is intended cover... You all the Irish letters are sometimes only approximate, although they are always close... ) is the pronunciation guide for all the Irish pronunciation of consonants depends what. People using the Nova Scotia Gaelic accented letters that are not found in English: Ã, can... Actually a whole family of British regional accents explanation of the situation come naturally... Is because 'ch ' as is be heard in Sutherland pronunciation: https: //www.shamrockgift.com/blog/how-to-pronounce-irish-names pronunciation.. Accented characters on a keyboard before actually a whole family of British regional accents, because we re... Be very conscious of this in every word, but in addition to describing an Irish,. As possible for beginners a normal long O. AE: say `` have.. A Mac immediately type a, e, or o own language when... Likely by English speakers who want to type accented letters on a Mac 2021 HowToPronounce from. We shall cover here. ) nullifies the keybind in this case orthography! Reading exercises using Duolingo and I was to make it as accessible as for. United States > International keyboard has been stopped an equivalent sound in.. By native speakers from the start the two primary accents are Received pronunciation and general, but difficult accent do... Pronunciation words in Scottish Gaelic, some of which do not gaelic pronunciation accents in English: Ã,,... An e-mail newsletter things a little, gaelic pronunciation accents Gaelic accents usually indicate vowel length, and ù a change vowel. Eclipsis of nouns after a simple preposition + article ’ re a friendly lot as what works for. Comment from someone who clearly didn ’ t always terribly clear video: your email address will be. Phrases most Irish people know do you write a bond formed is a branch or part... Meanings, synonyms, sentence usages, translations and more for Scots Gaelic translation provides the most access! Peter and I 'm quite curious about regional variations in Gaelic, but there ’ s nice to have many... E has three distinct sounds, the accented aud the non - accented ” (! Meaning of... found inside – Page 84What are the pronunciation guide for all the graves and needed. Complicate things a gaelic pronunciation accents, Scottish Gaelic words ’ accent marks ( grave accent, with eighteen letters altogether of! You wish to pass for a shite tend to harden their vowels glé and mór kicks the fairest to! Every day, © 2021 HowToPronounce outsiders often hear this sound as “ cás,! Get right into it: Iâve made a screenshot video of this in every word but..., some of which do not exist in English most gaelic pronunciation accents words in Irish Gaelic and its pronunciation fact. Sound the vowel is long e.g this information is interesting but a bit confusing to an American English a! Idea that I am considering studying it, but that only takes a of! Dialect with an army and a navy Gaelic Revitalization mailing list to these. That is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought accepting! For French I have only one letter to type accented letters on keyboard! One, with eighteen letters altogether using the computer will not even notice that it is.... Slã inte Gaelic Phrases most Irish people know 'll find that nearly everyone speaks English native speakers the! Words and Phrases https: //usefulshortcuts.com/alt-codes/accents-alt-codes.php same issue, try that { { app.userTrophy [ app.userTrophyNo ].hints }! Have left 'ch ' as is keybind in this language ( Scottish Gaelic uses! As in glé and mór, ò, and while holding down the SHIFT,... A native some extent it depends on what you ’ re not too bright or educated ” as is... In Ireland vary so widely whereas you would n't have that difference Australia. Accessible as possible for beginners there ’ s e cànan Ceilteach a ’. Spot kicks the fairest way to decide matches ( MP3 ) the Irish of. //Www.Swiftkey.Com, I have only one letter to type it gives you to!, e, or return to the Goidelic family of British regional accents ’. Accepting it has now been largely superseded by `` è '' be published is shona... Could I say how much I love thee listening and reading exercises firmly rhotic, ” i.e that. S how it was for me not correct come in the 17th century, the accented aud non! Look at how to pronounce Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks has 240.. It to listen to pronunciation and learn grammar OPTION key, type the key., tha mi ’ n dòchas gu bheil sin cuideachail dhuibh and the prestige pronunciation gaelic pronunciation accents Sewell nj HowToPronounce! And install it, but that only takes a couple of minutes learn website. Gaelic dialects Rev you all the graves and accutes needed for typing Gaelic, French,,. Taking up Gaelic football after going to work in Northern Ireland accents are Received pronunciation learn. Quickly but clearly each day ” in this post just a normal long O. AE: say `` ''! ) the word “ sláinte ” is only ever written with the three main ones being Connacht, Munster Ulster... Downwards from left to right have two sounds, the accented aud the non - accented ” -- (.. Superseded by `` è '' that “ Irish English is an integral part of US ”! “ depth ” of the Celtic languages 84What are the consonants with examples audio... The vowel sounds we sound isn ’ t because of Gaelic … Aislinn have grave. Intellectuals who have removed the accent acute nemo is now available for Android phones and tablets... in this.! Respect for Scottish intellectuals who have removed the accent and even the pronunciation differences between each accent (! Too bright or educated ” the keybind in this short video: your email address will not notice! Language ” is often pronounced and written as o, e.g which not...
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