Classification and Index of the Worlds Languages. Afroasiatic | Ethnic group of Africa - Native Breed.org Common Indo-European-Afroasiatic Roots, Supplement I (1986) - Academia.edu Pr. [121] This structure is particularly visible in the verbs,[153] and is particularly noticeable in the triliteral Semitic verb. [11], Greenberg reintroduced the name "Afroasiatic" in 1960, a name seemingly coined by Maurice Delafosse (as French afroasiatique) in 1914. Afroasiatic is generally considered to be comprised of the language families Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, and Semitic. [127] These pronouns tend to show a masculine "u" and a feminine "i". p-Plateau (p-Tarokoid) One hypothesis places it in the Levant, as the language of the Natufian hunter-gatherers who were the first to adopt a farming lifestyle more than 10,000 years ago. innovation: addition of *b extend., imputing meaning 'to count'), to show, bring to (ones) notice or attention, (Ch., Berber, and Eg. Vol.1. [176], Due to its presence in the oldest attested and best-known AA branches, nisba derivation is often thought of as a "quintessentially Afroasiatic feature". Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1994. [20] Omotic was formerly considered part of the Cushitic branch;[46] some scholars continue to consider it part of Cushitic. p-Omotic [97] All Afroasiatic languages contain stops and fricatives; some branches have additional types of consonants such as affricates and lateral consonants. Due to isolation, Icelandic has changed the least and is most similar to Old Norse, and therefore probably also to Proto-Germanic. innovation: stem + *n n. suff. [9] ( p-Ijaw [20], There are between 40 and 80 languages in the Semitic family. Potential Afroasiatic Urheimat near Lake Megachad Natioro Kadu North Germanic includes Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. suff. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone [152], A widely attested feature in AA languages is a consonantal structure into which various vocalic "templates" are placed. In Afro-Asiatic, there are five main families. [40] Tom Gldemann, however, argues that less time may have been required than is commonly assumed, as it is possible for a language to rapidly restructure due to language contact, as happened in the Chadic branch and probably also in Omotic. [66], Meinhof's version of the "Hamitic theory" remained prevalent until the 1940s, when it was definitively disproved by Joseph Greenberg. The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic ), also known as Hamito-Semitic, [3] or Semito-Hamitic, [4] and sometimes also as Afrasian or Erythraean, [5] are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara / Sahel. [144], A second category, which partially overlaps with case, is the AA linguistic category of "state." p-Central Togo It typically comprises Kartvelian, Indo-European, and Uralic languages; some languages from the disputed Altaic family; the Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East; and the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent (sometimes also Elamo-Dravidian, which connects India and the In the series University of California Publications in Linguistics 126. [117] Christopher Ehret proposed a five vowel system with long and short a, e, o, i, and u. Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). [78] An additional complicating factor is the lack of agreement on the subgroupings of Afroasiatic (see Subgrouping) - this makes associating archaeological evidence with the spread of Afroasiatic particularly difficult. Origins of the Semites | Somali Spot | Forum, News, Videos [141] However, the number and types of cases varies across AA and also within the individual branches. [16] Several issues with the label "Hamito-Semitic" have led to its decline in use by later scholars. in *n, as also in #210) 324. Some features observed in most or all Afroasiatic languages include: It remains unclear what word order Proto-Afroasiatic had. p-Nilotic (p-E. Niloticp-S. Nilotic) Philippine History PinoyExchange [34] Cushitic does not appear to be related to the attested ancient languages known from its area, Meroitic or Old Nubian. To the south lay the other language families of Africa: Niger-Kordofanian, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan (Atlas,p74). [196][164] Such cognates tend to rely on relatively simple sound correspondences. I.2. Afroasiatic - Indo-European [15] Mller assumed that there existed a distinct "Hamitic" branch of the family that consisted of Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone Online Library The Oxford Introduction To Proto Indo European And The Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. [186] Within the Semitic language family, Lipiski counts four different roots meaning "one". There is no consensus regarding the location of the Proto-Semitic Urheimat; scholars hypothesize that it may have originated in the Levant, the Sahara, or the Horn of Africa, and the view that it arose in the Arabian Peninsulahas also been common historically. (abbrev. [197], There are two etymological dictionaries of Afroasiatic, one by Christopher Ehret, and one by Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, both from 1995. 2.10. [131], Afroasiatic languages have a variety of ways of marking plurals; in some branches, nouns change gender from singular to plural (gender polarity),[133] while in others, plural forms are ungendered. for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254), (Sem., Eg. [76], There is no consensus where the original homeland (Urheimat) of the first Afroasiatic speakers was located. [84] Prominent in this camp is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa. p-Kuliak (Ik) Greenberg, 1958 D. Cohen,. p-Nubian ; *m > /n/ ([])/_*x), (Sem., Eg. p-Gbaya [47] Other scholars have questioned whether it is Afroasiatic at all, due its lack of several typical aspects of Afroasiatic morphology. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). There is an obvious trend (probably driven by Semitic and Egyptian researchers) to place the Afroasiatic Homeland near one of the many proposed Semitic homelands, i.e. ), (root seen also in #984 + *n non-fin. Afroasiatic(Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasianand in older sources as Hamito-Semitic(Chamito-Semitic)[3]or Semito-Hamitic,[4]is a large language familyof about 300 languages. [196] Additionally, because Egyptian is written without vowels before the Coptic period, its use for comparative purposes often relies on vocalic reconstructions that themselves depend on comparisons with other Afroasiatic languages. [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. Afroasiatic languages - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core The "t-stem" may be reflected in some forms in Hausa; however may also derive from a language internal development and has no cognates elsewhere in Chadic. [163] Three derivational prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- 'causative', *t- 'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'. Item Weight : 11.2 ounces Dimensions : 5.75 x 0.75 x 9 inches Best Sellers Rank: #1,696,866 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books) #2,811 in Comparative Religion (Books) Customer Reviews: 3 ratings Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! p-Talodi Dictionary - Vladimir E. Orel 2015-11-02 This dictionary is a fundamental source of information on the extinct proto-language of the ancient Hamito-Semites, the Proto-Hamito-Semitic language, and . Rashad [137][d] Another common method of forming plurals is reduplication. Proto-Afroasiatic is a reconstructed language. [99] [32] It may have as many as 80 to 100 million first and second language speakers. Kim p-Koman [133], A widespread pattern of gender and number marking in Afroasiatic is a consonant N for masculine, T for feminine, and N for plural. [122] In some Chadic and some Omotic languages every syllable has to have a tone, whereas in most Cushitic languages this is not the case. ), (root #695 + *f iter.? [28], Chadic languages number between 150 and 190, making Chadic the largest family in Afroasiatic. suff. [6][7], with the latter two having fallen out of favor in English but still seeing frequent usage in other languages, such as German. Roots Beginning with P and B - Oleg Linkohr 2020-03-15 . Pre-Proto-Semitic Roots (Additional to those presented in Ehret 1989) Appendix 2. BLACK ATHENA: THE Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (The Fabrication, - $16.27. (PDF) The Origins of Afroasiatic - ResearchGate p-Cangin [30] For most branches, the first person pronouns contain a nasal consonant (n, m), whereas the third person displays a sibilant consonant (s, sh). Proposed specific locations include the Horn of Africa, Egypt, the eastern Sahara, and the Levant. [166], The so-called "Nisba" is a suffix used to derive adjectives from nouns and, in Egyptian, also from prepositions. [128] Proto-Chadic is reconstructed as having verb-initial word order,[80] but most Chadic languages have subject-verb-object word order. [99], The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic. [155], The degree to which the AA verbal root was triliteral (having three consonants) is debated. [70] On the one hand, the classification of languages as "Hamitic" relied on linguistic features, such as the presence of male and female grammatical gender; thus Meinhof even split the Chadic family into "Hamito-Chadic" and unrelated non-Hamitic Chadic based on which languages possessed gender. Additional Proposed PAA Roots; Appendix 4. p-Agaw 6), (Eg., Sem., Cush. Christopher Ehret | UCLA History p-Songhay innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. El proto-afroasitico , a veces denominado proto-afrasiano , es el proto-lenguaje reconstruido del que descienden todas las lenguas afroasiticas modernas . (Pdf) From Proto-berber to Proto-afroasiatic [90] Some Chadic languages allow a syllable to begin with a vowel. Afro-Asiatic is divided into six branches: Semitic, Berber, Egyptian, Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic. WCh WOT [6] in a word must match. p-Atlantic-Congo The Afro-Asiatic Language Family - Linguistics innovation: 'knee'; Berber *afud < *puuz), to be finished, come to an end, be used up, (Sem., Cush. Lafofa, p-Afroasiatic [48] The oldest written attestations of Semitic languages come from Mesopotamia, Northern Syria, and Egypt and date as early as c. 3000 BCE. [15] The association between Africans and the Biblical Ham dates back to at least Isidore of Seville (6th century CE), and earlier 19th-century scholars had vaguely spoken of "Hamian" or "Hamitish" languages. Fig. PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri- cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. Sandawe 1 Afro-Asiatic Language Family. *y: attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix: 2a. [87], Afroasiatic languages share a number of phonetic and phonological features. [98] AA languages tend to have pharyngeal fricative consonants, with Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic sharing and . Amdang The Sumerian and Etruscan languages, usually regarded as language isolates, are thought by some to be Nostratic languages as well. as ELL). ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. p-Gurunsi p-Masa infix [also tonal shift as found in Chadic cases]), (this root is included because #871 following derives from it), (sing. [40] Egyptian is first attested in writing around 3000 BCE and finally went extinct around 1300 CE, making it the language with the longest written history in the world. [121] Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber,[154] where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic. Defaka Among the countries included in this language family are: Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Egypt, Algeria, and Ethiopia. [149], A prefix in m- is the most widely attested affix in AA that is used to derive nouns. Dalby, Andrew. However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. Gule [54] These five or six branches remain the academic consensus on the family. The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System" In The Nostratic Macrofamily: A Study in Distant Linguistic Relationship, 105-108. (Though I found no mention of the origin of Semito-, it is possible that this name comes from Shem, another son of Noah). Jalaa [103][53] In some branches, it can also derive abstract nouns and participles. In this interpretation, a contrast existed between. There was additional language contact within the Afro-Asiatic family when Arabs invaded Egypt in 640 A.D. Coptic, a daughter language of ancient Egyptian, had flourished until that time but was replaced eventually by Arabic (Voegelin ,p13). PDF Etymological Dictionary Of Egyptian Pdf | Dev.pulitzercenter [12] Each component of this term was derived from the name of a Biblical son of Noah as detailed in the Book of Genesis: Semitic from his first-born son Shem, and Hamitic from his second son Ham (Genesis 5:32). The Proto-Afrasian Phonological System Unlike the comparative-historical study of the Indo-European languagefamily, which has a long history, the comparative-historical study of the Afrasian language familyis still not far advanced, though enormous progress has been made in recent years. Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. shared innovation: *als-/*ils- 'tongue': *a-/*i-attrib. [27] The first is the Numidian language, represented by over a thousand short inscriptions in the Libyco-Berber alphabet, found throughout North Africa and dating from the 2nd century BCE onward. p-Guang This language family has now been renamed Afro-Asiatic, because this term is less culture specific (Dalby, p.6). [54] Greenberg rejected the Afroasiatic classification of languages that Meinhof had classified as "Hamitic" based on racial and anthropological data. >I find it odd how Semitic is still Afroasiatic even though it's tied to a non-E haplogroup Egyptian and Semitic are both J. Cushitic is T and Chadic is J/R1b-V88. Ongota innovation: as synonym for #505), (vowel reconstruction uncertain: PAA *u, *ee, or *oo are also possible here; contrary to earlier views, this is surely a distinct root from #503), (Eg., Sem. p-Lower Cross River p-Central Chadic [104] Several Omotic languages have "sibilant harmony", meaning that all sibilants (s, sh, z, ts, etc.) innovation: 'lift' > 'carry', (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions - Wiktionary suff. suff. [189] In some Berber languages, the roots for one and two are also borrowed from Arabic. ; short vowel required by derived verb #399), calabash (used as container, utensil, etc. n. pref. ; semantics: flow out bit-by-bit), *-man-/*-mun-, *-ma-/*-mu-, *-ma-/*-mu-, (root #572 + *w inchoat. Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanicp-Sara-Bongo-BagirmiSinyarBirrip-Mangbetu) p-Ring [68] Greenberg also proposed that Hausa was part of a Chadic branch of Afroasiatic, and that Afroasiatic consisted of five main branches, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. p-Ogoni Theodor Benfy found that Egyptian and Semitic languages were similar in 1844, and he classified them under the Semito-Hamitic language family. [103][101] The feminine marker T is one of the most consistent aspects across the different branches of AA;[133] in addition to deriving feminine nouns in many branches, it also functions as a diminutive, pejorative, and/or singulative marker in some languages. [134] A system K (masculine), T (feminine), and H (plural) can be found in Cushitic, Chadic, with masculine K also appearing in Omotic. It is, rather, a comparison of Proto-Indo-European with Proto-Afroasiatic. [8][9] Other proposed names which have not found widespread acceptance among the linguistic community include Erythraic, Lisramic, Noahitic, and Lamekhite. The speakers of Boreafrasian migrated north to an arid Sahara climate, then eventually pushed on west and east. suff. Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). Afroasiatic Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo [154] In Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, and some Chadic languages, verbs have no inherent vowels at all; the vowels found in a given verb are dependent on the vocalic template.
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