Deep Thinkers, Cognitive Misers, and Moral Responsibility - JSTOR naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] System 2 may also have no clue to the error. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /S /Transparency Jennifer A. . As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /CS /DeviceRGB /F4 24 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R >> /ParentTree 19 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. A history of social cognition. - APA PsycNET -Becoming less pervasive -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /Length 2864 That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. De Neys . The cognitive miser theory is an . Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /F3 23 0 R Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. Naive scientist b. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /F1 21 0 R AS such, categorization provides -Conformity: 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /F2 22 0 R -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. 27 0 obj -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. the degree to which something is extreme) is /Resources << What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R stream This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /Type /Page The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? /F3 23 0 R /LastChar 239 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /StructParents 0 [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. /Group << partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 /Type /Group The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . /Type /Group -Responses varied across cultures 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 /BM /Normal we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature /Parent 2 0 R The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. 1,000 & 12,000 A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. Cognitive miser explained Heuristics are one way that we save resources. /F4 24 0 R /Type /Page The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. -Tied to these beliefs >> -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. She chooses to stop deliberation and act If not, give a counterexample. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. /F1 21 0 R >> /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 72 0 R] /Subtype /Type1 PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /Font << >> -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people << Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. << /Resources << 4 0 obj [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. 9 0 obj What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. >> /Chartsheet /Part /S /Transparency /Type /Font /Contents 36 0 R -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. /F1 21 0 R makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /Workbook /Document /F3 23 0 R Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. 2 0 obj /Type /Group To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. 3,000 & 10,000 \\ What are its consequences? /Resources << >> schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. economic zones to fisheries. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. /Type /Page Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". >> Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . /BM /Normal 23417270. free . [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. >> /ToUnicode 367 0 R /Group << [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. >> /Font << Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /Subtype /TrueType This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. /ExtGState << /Footnote /Note applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, >> >> z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R endobj 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. -In group: (us) In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? /StructParents 12 What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? What is social contagion? [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor?