Our study population contained proportionately fewer cats than dogs between the ages of 3 and 11 years, and proportionally more from the age of 12 years, when chronic conditions and conditions of old age will be most apparent. (2018) 59:60315. (780) 451-8666, Reception Desk - NOT for Contests And her series titled "If Dogs Were Human" will give even the grumpiest pet owner a reason to crack a smile . Global life expectancy table for dogs (all purebred and mixed breed combined). . Indeed, the return rate was increasing between 2013 (74.8% for dogs, 61.9% for cats) and 2017 (77.6% for dogs, 65.4% for cats), but was meaningfully lower in 2019 (75.9% for dogs and 62.5% for cats) compared to 2018 (77% for dogs and 65.1% for cats). Whether youre single or with someone special, lets share a secret between friends: Your dog is your main squeeze. Life expectancy was significantly higher for dogs with median BCS 3 vs. median BCS 4 over the age interval 12 year until 17+ years. (2018). He's called Jonny Devaney, or @jauncydev on TikTok, and his series of videos have completely taken over the app. Effect of breed on body composition and comparison between various methods to estimate body composition in dogs. J Feline Med Surg. Newport: The Office of National Statistics (2003). Egenvall A, Ndtvedt A, Hggstrm J, Strm Holst B, Mller L, Bonnett BN. A lot of the times, the list differentiates based on personality traits or the pet parents lifestyle: the best dog breeds for seniors, the smartest dog breeds, the best dog breeds for apartment living weve certainly got our thoughts here at PawTracks. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. This study aimed to generate LE tables for these species with clinical records from >1,000 Banfield Pet hospitals in the USA. We all think our fur baby is the best, of course, but the internet is littered with lists of the best and worst dog breeds. doi: 10.1177/1098612X19895940, 50. Follow these tips to keep them manageable, Pamper your pooch with the best dog Valentines Day activities, Dog pampering, adventures, and more: The best Valentine's Day activities for pups, 6 ways to make your Super Bowl party dog-friendly this year, Snacks, safety, and other details to throw the best dog-friendly Super Bowl party. Separate analyses were conducted for purebred and mixed-breed animals. Association of expiratory airway dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult dogs. 44. Am J Vet Res. (Thats OK well happily take them for ourselves.). Washington, DC: American Veterinary Medical Association (2017). Similar to dogs, overweight and obesity in cats are associated with a wide range of disorders, including endocrine and lipid metabolism disorders, neoplasia, lower urinary tract disease, gastrointestinal disease and dermatoses (30, 59). This a very accurate depiction of the personalities of How Dog Breeds React to Robbers (With Pictures) Jonny Devaney 6.8M views 9 months ago How Dog. Parallel analyses of health status, recorded causality of death, or reason for euthanasia were beyond the scope of this study and this limited the interpretation of differences between subpopulations. In our study, life expectancy increased on average by 2.6 months (2.01%) each successive sampling year from 2013 to 2019 (Figure 2), and a backwards projection estimates LEbirth to be 5.42 years for cats in 1981. While we can come up with all of the lists of best and worst dog breeds, at the end of the day, its all about the individual pup and their personality. In:Zeng YI, Crimmins EM, Carrire Y, Robine J-M, editors. (2018) 80:11538. Salt C, Morris PJ, Wilson D, Lund EM, German AJ. Rowe E, Browne W, Casey R, Gruffydd-Jones T, Murray J. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.07.009. The funder had no additional role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. And while Shih Tzus have been known to wrap their pet parents around their paws, we like them anyway. (2020) 21:13748. Mortality of life-insured Swedish cats during 19992006: age, breed, sex, and diagnosis. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. A widely used method for assessing the standard error of life expectancy is to use the variance of the conditional probability of death. Prevalence, risk factors, and disease associations of overweight and obesity in cats that visited the veterinary medical teaching hospital at the University of California, Davis from January 2006 to December 2015. The LEbirth of dogs with median BCS 5 also decreased between 2013 [11.47 years (11.311.63)] and 2014 [11.08 years (10.9411.22)], but then increased by almost 1.5 to 12.57 years (12.4212.72) in 2019. (2019) 171:104746. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104746, 59. This one is, of course, in reference to the memes about small white dogs notable Maltese and Shih Tzus. The resulting dataset is referred to as the cleaned dataset. TikTok video from Cooper (@birdcoup): "If dog breeds dated pt like 6 I think #foryou #alt #fyp #dogbreeds #doberman #dachshund #pupcoups". (2013) 198:63843. Bach JF, Rozanski EA, Bedenice D, Chan DL, Freeman LM, Lofgren JL, et al. (2008) 163:4578. For example, low BCS in dogs with chronic enteropathy is a predictor for lack of response to treatment and death (57). German AJ, Ryan VH, German AC, Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Obesity, its associated disorders and the role of inflammatory adipokines in companion animals. April 28, 2021 by Maggie Panos. Huskies are beloved for their gentle, affectionate nature, and plenty of people love that many of these dogs have those striking, Instagram-ready blue eyes. Obese dogs (BCS 5/5) had a significantly lower LEbirth [11.71 years (11.6611.77)] than overweight dogs (BCS 4/5) [13.14 years (13.1213.16)] and dogs with ideal BCS 3/5 [13.18 years (13.1613.19)]. It is difficult to attribute this difference to a specific factor or combination of factors, although the country context is likely to have played a role. 34. Huskies Huskies are beloved for their gentle, affectionate nature, and plenty of people love that many of these dogs have those striking, Instagram-ready blue eyes. Manens J, Bolognin M, Bernaerts F, Diez M, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs. For dogs with median BCS 3 or 4, the LEbirth was always significantly higher than that of dogs with BCS 5 regardless of the survey year. water bowl nearby to how excited they get upon hearing humans utter the term "walk," her accuracy is astounding. (2007) 102:1199211. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16631234, 65. 36. 27.9K Likes, 139 Comments. Announcements, contests, presales and other great offers. Similarly there was a census of 12,039 dogs from cemeteries in Tokyo between 2012 and 2015 (14). J Feline Med Surg. Wolfson MC. Mia Stone - Colombian Sex Goddess Bringing You The Best Porn OnlyFans. Differences in overall life expectancy between studies might reflect in part different proportions of size categories, breeds and mixed-breed dogs. O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. A general shift in veterinarians' perception of obesity over time could also impact the median BCS as previously noted. 2.. German ShepherdGerman Shepherds, also known as Alsatians, are the second most popular dog breed on TikTok, with the hashtag #germanshepherd gaining 9.1 billion views. Chiang CF, Villaverde C, Chang WC, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA. Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs. @chilicheesechelsea did note that she loves all these breeds she just doesnt want one for herself. Dogs and cats with no death date in the EMRs were only considered to be survivors for a specific year if there was a new hospital visit in any of the following study years. 100.3 The Bear - Greedy Bastards Exclusive Offers. Chock-full of hilarious moments ranging from how pups react when they're caught drinking out of the toilet despite having a perfectly good (and clean!) maggie.anderson@bellmedia.ca, You are now being redirected to the BCE Accessibility webform to submit your feedback, 299 Queen Street West The life expectancy of dogs decreased by ~0.9 years each age interval between 12 and 78 years. The cause and effect of associations between obesity, health and reduced life expectancy or lifespan is a multifaceted and complex field of active research in both humans and pets. For example, weight loss is one sign of chronic kidney disease in cats (64); it is often present before CKD has been diagnosed, and lower bodyweight is associated with reduced survival time from diagnosis (65). doi: 10.1177/1098612X12441875, 61. Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, Holden SL, Cuthbertson DJ, Biourge V, Morris PJ, et al. The mean deceased cat population was 28,308 cats per year, and 172,523 (34%) cats per year were excluded according to the study methodology (Figure 1). The mean age at death was 11.15 years, the median age at death was 12.30 years (IQR: 7.015.7), and the median survival time was 15.7 years. 47. 29. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. Get our newsletter by tapping the button below. Skiadas CH. Tan SML, Stellato AC, Niel L. Uncontrolled outdoor access for cats: an assessment of risks and benefits. Accurately calculating the life expectancy of dogs and cats would be of greatest interest in helping to understand the benefits of preventative care and the success of increasingly advanced medical interventions. (2014) 16:95765. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x, 6. (2005) 3:8896. Life expectancies are shown for purebred dog size groups toy (A), small (B), medium (C), large (D) and giant (E), for mixed-breed dogs (F), for purebred cats (G), and for mixed-breed cats (H). 75. (2018) 5:10. doi: 10.1186/s40575-018-0066-8, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, 5. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0396.x, 12. Using Sullivan's method, LE tables were generated across survey years 20132019, by survey year, and for subpopulations defined by sex, adult body size group (purebred dogs only: toy, small, medium, large and giant), and median body condition score (BCS) over life. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (2016) 30:16616. Accidents and fights are also more common for males between 1 and 2 years of age than for females. In clinical practice body condition scoring is routinely used to estimate adiposity and weight status, scoring systems have been validated against measurement of body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptionmetry (6772) and good reproducibility of scoring between different veterinarians has been reported (73). In an indirect comparison between the Japanese life expectancies and ours for size groups with the most comparable definitions, the LEbirth for small dogs was 14.2 years (14.014.4) compared with 13.53 years (13.5213.55), respectively, and for toy dogs was 13.34 years (13.3213.36) in japanese study and 13.36 years (13.3313.38) in our study. J Vet Intern Med. Finally, the same limitations mentioned above of using median BCS in dogs apply to cats. 39. Do ur research to see what dog breed is best for you! An indoor lifestyle is associated with feline obesity at 1 year of age (66), and outdoor access poses a greater risk of road traffic accidents (46). Software applications used for data processing and building life tables were Databricks (runtime 11.0, with Apache Spark 3.3.0) on Microsoft Azure, with Python 3.9.5 (libraries Numpy 1.20.3, Pandas 1.3.4, Lifelines 0.27.2 and Plotly 5.6.0). Evaluation of weight loss over time in cats with chronic kidney disease. For both dogs and cats, the LEbirth of animals with median BCS 3 was quite stable over survey years, while for animals with median BCS 5 a relatively large increase of LEbirth was observed between 2014 and 2019: 1.51 years for dogs and 1.93 years for cats. (2007) 68:6705. At the very least, make sure your own dog is well prepared for a fun day, too. MAD-Environnement's contribution to data analysis was funded by Royal Canin SAS and MAD-Environnement was the employer of FA. Lemme see ur transitions. The first quantification of life expectancy was reported in England in the 19th century (1). Feel free to comment any s. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102/full#supplementary-material, 1. doi: 10.1086/669665, 43. Prahl A, Guptill L, Glickman NW, Tetrick M, Glickman LT. Time trends and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in cats presented to veterinary teaching hospitals. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.7.1940S, 20. The prevalence of obesity (median BCS 5) was 1.5% (toy 1.2%, small 1.5%, medium 2.1%, large 1.6%, giant 1.0%, and mixed breed 1.4%). Data from the 9-point scale were converted to the 5-point scale (Table 1). In:Murray CJL, Evans DB, editors. Scott-Moncrieff JC. (2022) 9:1004122. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004122, 54. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.018, 14. To address the issue of having such large populations, instead of implementing this method we used Monte Carlo simulations to sample dead populations and recalculated life expectancies 1.106 times. @jaunceydev on tiktok | If dog breeds were people #videos #funny #dogs #breeds Little Weirdo 5k followers More information #videos #funny #dogs #breeds Funny Vidos Funny Relatable Memes Stupid Funny Funny Laugh Funny Jokes Funny Stuff Hilarious Funny Videos Clean Super Funny Videos More information . Life expectancy data can be used to inform planning for healthcare provisions, economic policies, life insurance premiums and pension annuities. Life expectancy tables have diverse uses for humans, which include monitoring the overall health status of populations over time, exploring health inequalities in socio-economic groups, and charting the progress of less developed nations (2, 3). Antolin P. Longevity risk and Private Pensions. JM and NS were employed by Banfield Pet Hospital. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.32. (Also not all dogs are the same, so Im sure your breed is an angel to you lol), The disclaimer for this TikTok again noted that these breeds wouldnt be a fit for her home or lifestyle, and that prospective pet parents should do their own research to see what dog breed is best for you! She also added that not all dogs are the same.. 96 Likes, 21 Comments. The total population sizes (deceased and survivor combined) in the cleaned dataset are presented by survey year for each species in Figure 2A and Supplementary Table 1. We are grateful to Susanna Ryan of Ryters for her contribution in editing the manuscript. This video video will show if dogs were humans. The accuracy of body condition scoring in young and aged animals may be reduced because it does not account for natural differences and changes in body composition with age. Cats were categorized as purebred and mixed-breed cats. Table 4. Paris: OECD Publishing (2007). Figure 2. Only data for purebred dogs were used for life expectancy estimations by dog size group. That's why we've compiled six important ways anyone can accommodate pets at their Super Bowl party -- from finding the right snacks to finding the right space. (2018) 20:11108. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. SocArXiv. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6763, 11. The first life tables for dogs in the UK were based on the VetCompass database of primary-care veterinary clinics, in which there were 30,563 dogs with at least one clinical record in 2016 and a confirmed death between January 2016 and July 2020 (15). (2014) 28:42936. doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.650, 68. A major statistical consideration with databases involving millions of individuals is that tests are often highly significant. Cho KD, Paek J, Kang JH, Chang D, Na KJ, Yang MP. (1997) 22:105. Most owners will have their own plan for feeding their pup dinner, but when it comes to snacks, it doesn't hurt to be prepared. In summary, the study dataset for dogs covered all bodyweight size categories; the large and small dog sizes had the greatest representation. Some of the main findings were expected based on direct and indirect evidence in the literature, namely decreased life expectancy for the largest sizes of dogs compared to the smallest, increased life expectancy of female versus male dogs and cats, significantly lower life expectancy at all ages for underweight dogs and cats compared to those with an ideal, overweight or obese median BCS, and a progressive increase in LEbirth for both species between 2013 and 2018. Mixed-breed dogs had an LEbirth of 12.71 years (12.6712.76) (Supplementary Table 7). Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in dogs: a comparison with human metabolic syndrome. A place to watch the best and worst videos from TikTok. After this, the reduction in life expectancy decreased, and was 0.5 years or less after the 1011 years age interval. Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JL, Raubenheimer D, Kendall K, Dhand NK. Vet J. Clinical data were obtained from the electronic medical records (EMRs) of healthy and sick dogs and cats attending Banfield hospitals throughout the USA. (And a joke, I have a chihuahua lol). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. There were 64.76 million PetWare visit records for 9.29 million unique dogs, and 9.85 million visits for 2.51 million unique cats. Tnnessen R, Borge KS, Ndtvedt A, Indreb A. Canine perinatal mortality: a cohort study of 224 breeds. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis may be more appropriate for studies with longitudinal follow-up focused on the time until events occur. OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions. (And since poodles are considered hypoallergenic dogs, theyre in high demand to be cross bred.). The deceased population for each survey year comprised animals with a recorded date of death in that year; survivors had no death date in that year and were confirmed living by a veterinary visit in a subsequent year. The LEbirth increased progressively for survey years 20132018 for all dog size groups and for cats (Figure 3; Supplementary Table 7). M5V 2Z5. Table 1. Sullivan DF, A. single index of mortality and morbidity. Please subscribe to our channel!What if dog breeds were people? Examples include associations with diabetes mellitus (25, 26), metabolic derangements similar to some of those seen in metabolic syndrome in humans (31), and changes in the structure and function of the heart (29) and kidneys (24). Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease. original sound . Other studies in dog populations comprising multiple breeds and both sexes have summarized overall ages of death without computing life expectancy tables (48). We also thank Mars Petcare Data and Analytics, which kindly provided us access to the data. (2017) 58:8995. Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK. Figure 4. Editorial support was provided by Susanna Ryan and funded by Royal Canin SAS. Dogs in the USA will have genetically different breeding lines from the UK and Japan. Figure 3. All Rights Reserved. A better knowledge of life expectancy is important at the population level as a broad indicator of the general health status of the pet population, reflecting owner attitudes, the accessibility of veterinary care, and advances in veterinary care including preventive medicine. The mean deceased dog population was 85,651 per year, and a mean of 621,284 (25%) dogs were excluded each year on account of having no date of death and no additional visits in subsequent years (Figure 1). This study was funded by Royal Canin SAS. And her series titled "If Dogs Were Human" will give even the grumpiest pet owner a reason to crack a smile. (2021) 62:97106. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1825.0026. This a very accurate depiction of the personalities of dogs. Animals. p. 722. Salomon JA, Murray CJ. Obesity in dogs is associated with a wide diversity of disease types, ranging for example from metabolic such as diabetes mellitus (26), to orthopedic (19), and cancer (53), some of which might impact lifespan. Immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy and non-responsive enteropathy in dogs: Prognostic factors, short- and long-term follow up. *Correspondence: Mathieu Montoya, mathieu.montoya@royalcanin.com, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102/full#supplementary-material, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/articles/lifeexpectancyreleasesandtheirdifferentuses/2018-12-17, https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/one-health/covid-19, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-helps-facilitate-veterinary-telemedicine-during-pandemic, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The more recent studies demonstrate the opportunities available in the current era of veterinary big data, which is giving researchers access to reliable and extensive high quality data over long periods of time (18). Subpopulations of each species were defined by sex (male or female), and median BCS was recorded for individuals between January 1st, 2013 and July 31st, 2022. HSMHA Health Rep. (1971) 86:34754. The LEbirth of dogs by year of survey for median BCS 3 was 13.73 years (13.6813.78) in 2013. Paul Rudd explained how filming comedy takes get ruined and revealed how Will Ferrell improvised an iconic "Anchorman" dialog while breaking down his career with scenes from films like "Forgetting Sarah Marshall," "40-Year-Old Virgin" and more. They are valuable for understanding the acute and long-term, direct and indirect effects of health conditions and medical interventions on survival. Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark. At least two full years of data after a survey year were needed for life table calculation. (2011) 13:1018. 25. Front. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. For both cats and dogs the sex ratio was well-balanced between males and females, and the vast majority of both sexes in both species were sterilized. In contrast, the life-table methodology is a statistical technique that provides a summary of the mortality and life expectancy experiences of a large population of different ages. Life Expectancy Releases and Their Different Uses. Serum adipokine concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Body condition score was assessed on a 5-point scale between 2013 and 2018, and on a 9-point scale between 2018 and 2022. The LEbirth by survey year increased by 1.3 months (0.93%) in each successive sampling year (Figure 2). Risk factors associated with lifespan in pet dogs evaluated in primary care veterinary hospitals. Both methods produce a graph (survival curve) that shows the cumulative probability (hazard ratio) of the event in the total period of observation. LEbirth increased with decreasing dog size group and increasing survey year 2013 to 2018 for all dog size groups and cats. Innately gentle, Samoyeds can be wonderful companions for both young children and seniors alike. All hospitals were linked by a proprietary practice management system (PetWare) and data from all visits were uploaded to a central database, resulting in a large amount of aggregated, structured data. The median age-at-death of cats between 2009 and 2012 in a UK study was 14.0 years (IQR: 9.117.0) (9). As football fans from across the country gear up for Super Bowl Sunday, you might find yourself getting swept up in the hype. 2. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.51.905, 17. Life expectancies of dogs (A) and cats (B) by age interval and median life-time body condition score. Think again, This adorable video of a cat and dogs friendship is the cutest thing weve seen, How long after neutering a dog does behavior change? Female cats had a significantly higher LEbirth than male cats, by ~1 year [11.68 years (11.6511.71) vs. 10.72 years (10.6810.75)] (Figure 5B; Supplementary Table 9). Play. So named for a cross between a poodle and another dog, these dogs are bred with the hope of combining the positive traits of each breed. doi: 10.1177/1098612X14527472. Birth weight as a risk factor for neonatal mortality: breed-specific approach to identify at-risk puppies. There are two key components to a successful Super Bowl party -- watching the game and enjoying the food -- so once you've got your location decided, make sure to plan a menu that accommodates everyone you've invited. Inoue M, Hasegawa A, Hosoi Y, Sugiura K. A current life table and causes of death for insured dogs in Japan. The percentage of dogs returning within 2 years after the survey year increased from 74.8% in 2013 to 77.6% in 2017, and subsequently decreased to 75.9% in 2019. The LEbirth in another Japanese study of dogs that died between 1981 and 1982 was only 8.3 years (12). In this study, medical records were only available for a 9-year period rather than over each pets' lifetime. Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats were generated using the probabilistic approach of Sullivan's method (32), based on the deceased and survivor populations of dogs and cats described in Section 2.1. Marchi PH, Vendramini TH, Perini MP, Zafalon RV, Amaral AR, Ochamotto VA, et al. Body condition scoring was on a 5-point scale from 1 = very thin to 5 = obese. This might be explained by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. Worthing KA, Wigney DI, Dhand NK, Fawcett A, McDonagh P, Malik R, et al. The Banfield database provides additional opportunities to explore healthy life expectancy and specific disease-associated life expectancy in future work. A deceased and survivor population for each survey year was identified from the clinical dataset as outlined in Figure 1; the sum of these two populations comprised the total study population for that year. Border collie is accurate.. J Feline Med Surg. Top Comp Anim Med. Heres the video that caused such a stir (with 7.6 million views). doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.6.670, 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0071.x, 53. J Vet Intern Med. Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats. In terms of the relationship between body condition and disease, obesity is likely to be a causative risk factor for many of these conditions e.g., diabetes, but it can be a consequence of some other diseases such as hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism (5456). Furthermore, this work is a stepping-stone to the generation of disease-associated life expectancy tables. The mean LEbirth over all survey years for dogs with median BCS 1 was 1.51 years with no significant differences between years. Laflamme D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. We used median BCS between 2013 and 2022 to address the complication of changes in BCS over time and to focus on pets that had BCS data covering the majority of their life. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020, 9. if dog breeds were people#tiktok by @jauncydev (tiktok)https://tiktok.com/@jauncydev***** Here are some pocket friendly products you can buy for your room. International Society for the Advancement of Science and Technology, Greece. I had to chase mine down when she was limping to see if she was okay. Mugnier A, Mila H, Guiraud F, Brvaux J, Lecarpentier M, Martinez C, et al.